COVID-19 research: pandemic versus “paperdemic”, integrity, values and risks of the “speed science”

Figures & data

Table 1. Subtypes of research misconduct [25, 26].

Subtypes	Description
Fabrication	The making up of data or results and the recording or reporting them as if they were real
Falsification	The manipulation of research materials, equipment or processes, or the change or omission of data or results without justification such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record
Plagiarism	The term is derived from the Latin word plagiārius, meaning “kidnapper” or “abductor”, and plagium, “kidnapping”. The appropriation of another person’s published and unpublished ideas, processes, results or words (or other intellectual property) without giving appropriate credit to the original source and thus violating the rights of the original author(s) to their intellectual outputs. The intent and effect of plagiarism is to mislead the reader as to the contributions of the plagiarizer. The USA Office of Research Integrity defines plagiarism as being “theft or misappropriation of intellectual property and the substantial unattributed textual copying of another's work”

Table 2. Other forms of violations of a good research practice besides misconduct.

No.	Violation forms
1	Fraudulent identification of some authors
2	Not fulfilling the conditions for an authorship (e.g., authorship offer)
3	Manipulating authorship or devaluing the role of other researchers in publications, for instance, by the inaccurate position of an author in article
4	Failure to cite relevant work by other researchers: the authors claim that they are the first to describe a finding while neglecting to note a similar contribution previously published by other authors
5	Purchase and sale of articles
6	Supervision of dozens of MSc and PhD students at the same time
7	Omitting conflicts of interest between authors during peer review or with the pharmaceutical industry and other funders or sponsors
8	Not acknowledging those who deserve acknowledgments
9	Publishing in predatory journals
10	Self-plagiarism: re-publishing substantive parts of one’s own earlier publications, including translations, without duly acknowledging or citing the original
11	Redundant publication: risk of doing an investigation that has already been done by neglecting the search for previous bibliography on the subject
12	Misuse of other didactic material
13	Citing selectively (i.e., to increase the h-index) or to please editors, reviewers or coworkers
14	Withholding research results and attempting to publish incomplete investigations
15	Unnecessarily expanding the bibliography of a study
16	Conducting human studies without informed consent
17	Accusing a researcher of misconduct or other violations in a malicious way
18	Misrepresenting research achievements
19	Exaggerating the importance and practical applicability of findings
20	Inadequate protection of the people and animals participating in research
21	Fake peer review

Juyal D, Thawani V, Thaledi S. Plagiarism: an egregious form of misconduct. N Am J Med Sci. 2015;7:77–80.

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The Office of Research Integrity. ORI policy on plagiarism; 1994. Available from: https://ori.hhs.gov/ori-policy-plagiarism

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