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Contributions of anatomy to forensic sex estimation: focus on head and neck bones

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 11-23 | Received 14 Oct 2020, Accepted 09 Feb 2021, Published online: 01 Jul 2021

Figures & data

Figure 1. Metric analyses with statistical significance in sex estimation — skull. (A) Craniometric points — glabellae (g) and inion (i). (B) Glabellae inclination angle — a line is drawn from the glabellae parallel to the Frankfurt plane and another line tangential to the frontal bone. The resulting angle is smaller in men than in women. (C) Schwalbe’s frontal angle — a horizontal line is drawn connecting the glabellae to the inion and a vertical line tangential to the most prominent point of the frontal bone in the median sagittal plane.

Figure 1. Metric analyses with statistical significance in sex estimation — skull. (A) Craniometric points — glabellae (g) and inion (i). (B) Glabellae inclination angle — a line is drawn from the glabellae parallel to the Frankfurt plane and another line tangential to the frontal bone. The resulting angle is smaller in men than in women. (C) Schwalbe’s frontal angle — a horizontal line is drawn connecting the glabellae to the inion and a vertical line tangential to the most prominent point of the frontal bone in the median sagittal plane.

Figure 2. Metric analyses with statistical significance in sex estimation — mandible. (A) Condylion–gonion distance. (B) Bigonial width and bicondylar distance. (C) Mandibular length. (D) Gonial angle. These measurements exhibit greater values in males, whereas the gonial angle is usually smaller in males than in females co: coronion; go: gonion.

Figure 2. Metric analyses with statistical significance in sex estimation — mandible. (A) Condylion–gonion distance. (B) Bigonial width and bicondylar distance. (C) Mandibular length. (D) Gonial angle. These measurements exhibit greater values in males, whereas the gonial angle is usually smaller in males than in females co: coronion; go: gonion.

Figure 3. Metric analyses with statistical significance in sex estimation — canine teeth. (A) Cervical–incisal distance. (B) Mesiodistal width. (C) Vestibular–lingual distance. Males exhibit larger measures than females due to more voluminous teeth.

Figure 3. Metric analyses with statistical significance in sex estimation — canine teeth. (A) Cervical–incisal distance. (B) Mesiodistal width. (C) Vestibular–lingual distance. Males exhibit larger measures than females due to more voluminous teeth.

Figure 4. Metric analyses with statistical significance in sex estimation — axis. (A) Maximum amplitude between the upper articular faces. (B) Maximum sagittal length. Both measurements showed the highest discriminant values for sex estimation according to the Wescott method.

Figure 4. Metric analyses with statistical significance in sex estimation — axis. (A) Maximum amplitude between the upper articular faces. (B) Maximum sagittal length. Both measurements showed the highest discriminant values for sex estimation according to the Wescott method.