Holistic identification and assessment of environmental risks of arable land use in two grain producing areas of China

Figures & data

Figure 1. Fault tree diagram of environmental risks resulting from intensive arable land use.

Figure 2. The locations of the study areas – – Shandong Province and the Dongting Lake Region.

Figure 3. Pollutant discharge from arable land use in the Dongting Lake Region and Shandong Province.

Figure 4. Distribution of pollutants in the Dongting Lake Region in 2007 and 2018.

Table 3. Cumulative discharges for cities of the Dongting Lake Region from 2007 to 2018 (unit: 10³ t).

Cities	$Fe{r}_N$	$Fe{r}_p$	Pes	MF	SO2	NOX	NWVOC	CO	NH3	CO2	CH4	PM2.5
Changsha	1941	958	81	61	16	97	235	129	22	111,712	308	582
Zhuzhou	1326	414	47	18	12	70	171	94	16	66,725	181	423
Xiangtan	2021	571	39	16	9	56	135	74	13	57,825	158	335
Yueyang	3730	1633	145	105	22	130	316	174	30	122,353	332	785
Changde	5329	2247	77	19	30	183	445	244	42	146,283	391	1103
Yiyang	3575	1495	91	25	18	106	256	141	24	103,729	283	636
Mean	2987	1220	80	41	18	107	260	143	25	101,438	275	644

Figure 5. Distribution of pollutants in Shandong Province in 2007 and 2018.

Table 4. Cumulative discharge in cities of Shandong from 2007 to 2018 (unit: 10³ t).

Cities	$Fe{r}_N$	$Fe{r}_p$	Pes	MF	SO2	NOx	NMVOC	CO	NH3	CO2	CH4	PM2.5
Jinan	741	255	27	13	19	112	272	149	26	48,026	116	674
Qingdao	500	103	56	29	22	134	326	179	31	57,593	139	808
Zibo	293	63	47	8	9	53	129	71	12	22,847	55	320
Zaozhuang	609	93	37	11	12	69	168	92	16	29,734	72	417
Dongying	349	147	45	17	12	70	171	94	16	30,186	73	423
Yaitai	993	243	172	24	21	125	304	167	29	53,782	130	754
Weifang	981	242	130	47	30	183	444	244	42	78,449	190	1100
Jining	1179	311	128	27	31	188	457	251	44	80,760	196	1133
Taian	488	157	59	14	18	111	269	148	26	47,666	115	669
Weihai	278	72	77	8	10	59	144	79	14	25,431	62	357
Rizhao	280	76	51	16	11	64	156	86	15	27,594	67	387
Laiwu	94	20	11	5	3	18	44	24	4	7800	19	109
Linyi	1068	227	132	61	44	266	645	355	62	114,114	276	1601
Dezhou	1421	343	100	37	35	213	516	284	49	91,256	221	1280
Liaocheng	1334	446	79	21	29	175	425	233	41	75,139	182	1054
Binzhou	709	201	73	16	22	133	322	177	31	57,036	138	800
Heze	1904	551	97	41	43	259	628	345	60	111,020	269	1557
Mean	778	209	78	23	22	131	319	175	30	56,378	136	791

Figure 6. Pollutants discharged per unit of arable land area attributable to five forms of environmental risk.

Figure 7. Long-term changes in environmental risk among cities in the Dongting Lake Region.

Figure 8. Long-term changes in environmental risk among cities in Shandong Province.