Impacts of regional land-use patterns on ecosystem services in the typical agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China

Figures & data

Figure 1. The location of Chifeng, China.

Note: The map was drawn based on the standard base map provided by the National Platform for Common Geospatial Information Service (Map No.: GS(2019) 1822) without any edition on the boundary of China.

Table 1. Statistical data of social and economic of north and south in chifeng (2018).

Chifeng, China	The North of Chifeng, China					The South of Chifeng, China
	Ar Horqin Banner	Bairin Left Banner	Bairin Right Banner	Linxi County	Hexigten Banner	Ongniud Banner	Songshan	Hongshan	Yuanbaoshan	Harqin Banner	Ningcheng County	Aohan Banner
Population (person)	292,285	340,020	182,152	230,088	247,899	605,483	600,184	350,133	318,086	345,253	605,563	605,483
Pastoralists rate (%)	41.77%	37.42%	49.04%	5.15%	13.73%	15.98%	22.19%	18.17%	13.73%	45.14%	12.82%	6.03%
Urbanization rate (%)	20.62%	20.91%	33.01%	35.77%	23.24%	23.68%	34.18%	76.55%	51.25%	32.40%	25.01%	18.82%
Per capital GDP (yuan)	49,482	45,838	52,842	50,002	82,077	35,525	50,260	81,721	73,939	30,252	38,198	37,018
Students (person)	12,606	15,536	8417	9043	8162	16,255	34,280	20,225	16,238	14,605	24,833	24,857

Figure 2. Analysis framework of distinct land use pattern impacts on regional ESs in the typical agro-pastoral ecotone of northern China.

Note: TEM = temperature, P = precipitation, UR = the urbanization rate, GDP = per capita GDP, Road = road network density, EDU = educational attainment, WR = water retention, SC = soil conservation, C = carbon, HQ = habitat quality

Table 2. Principal data sources in this study (InVEST sub-models: WY = water yield model, SDR = sediment delivery ratio model, C = carbon model, HQ = habitat quality).

Specific Data	Resolution	Source	Type	Models
Land use/ land cover	30 m × 30 m (Resampled to 1 km × 1 km by ArcGIS 10.6)	Resource and Environmental Science and Data Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (http://www.resdc.cn/)	Raster	WY, SDR, C, HQ
Watershed	–	Resource and Environmental Science and Data Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (http://www.resdc.cn/)	Shapefile	WY
Precipitation	1 km × 1 km	Resource and Environmental Science and Data Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (http://www.resdc.cn/)	Raster	WY, SEM
Temperature	1 km × 1 km	Resource and Environmental Science and Data Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (http://www.resdc.cn/)	Raster	SEM
Potential evapotranspiration	1 km × 1 km	Figureshare database (https://figureshare.com/)	Raster	SDR
Soil data (soil type, soil texture, soil organic carbon content, and grain size ratio)	1 km × 1 km	the Cold and Dry Zone Science Data Center (http://westdc.westgis.ac.cn/), based on the World Soil Database (HWSD), to get the Chinese soil dataset (v1.1)	Raster	SDR
Socio-economic statistics data	–	Chifeng Statistical Yearbook and the Inner Mongolia Statistical Yearbook	Data	SEM

Figure 3. Influence mechanism of spatial-temporal evolution of ESs in Chifeng.

Table 3. The descriptions of each factor in the structural equation modeling.

Figure 4. Land use transfer matrix in the different regions of Chifeng.

Figure 5. The multi-year average spatial distribution map and change trend map of water retention in the different regions of Chifeng from 1980 to 2018.

Figure 6. The multi-year average spatial distribution map and change trend map of soil conservation in the different regions of Chifeng from 1980 to 2018.

Figure 7. The multi-year average spatial distribution map and change trend map of carbon fixation in the different regions of Chifeng from 1980 to 2018.

Figure 8. The multi-year average spatial distribution map and change trend map of habitat quality in the different regions of Chifeng from 1980 to 2018.

Figure 9. Structural equation modeling of the different regions of Chifeng (a: North, b: South) (probability: p < 0.001: ***; p < 0.01: **; p < 0.05: *).

Figure A1. Land use and land cover change in the different regions of Chifeng.

Figure A2. Spatial distribution of water retention in the different regions of Chifeng.

Figure A3. Spatial distribution of soil conservation in the different regions of Chifeng.

Figure A4. Spatial distribution of carbon fixation in the different regions of Chifeng.

Figure A5. Spatial distribution of habitat quality in the different regions of Chifeng.