Hazards of extreme events in China under different global warming targets

Figures & data

Table 1. Classification standard of extreme events hazards.

Index	Mild	Moderate	Severe
HI	2.8 ≤ HI < 6.5	6.5 ≤ HI < 10.5	HI ≥ 10.5
FI	30 (35) – 150 mm	150–250 mm	≥ 250 mm
CI	−1.8 < CI ≤ −1.2	−2.4 < CI ≤ −1.8	CI ≤ −2.4

Figure 1. Sequence of the mean annual temperature anomalies for the (a) global and (b) China regional scales from 1850 to 2100 relative to 1861–1890.

Figure 2. Spatial patterns of the warming ranges in China for 1.5°C and 2°C of global warming.

Figure 3. Spatial patterns of the percentage of the mean annual precipitation anomalies in China for 1.5°C and 2°C of global warming.

Table 2. The distribution area (units: million km²) and average hazard indexes of heatwaves for 1.5°C and 2°C of global warming.

Level	RCP4.5				RCP8.5
	1.5°C		2°C		1.5°C		2°C
	Area	Hazard	Area	Hazard	Area	Hazard	Area	Hazard
Severe	7.27	0.2571	8.45	0.3539	6.97	0.2828	8.09	0.3448
Moderate	9.38	0.3769	9.55	0.4861	9.28	0.3898	9.54	0.4587
Mild	–	0.5646	–	0.734	–	0.5765	–	0.6922

– indicates Nationwide.

Figure 4. Spatial patterns of the heatwave hazard indexes in China for 1.5°C and 2°C of global warming under the RCP8.5 scenario.

Table 3. The distribution area (units: million km²) and average hazard indexes of floods for 1.5°C and 2°C of global warming.

Level	RCP4.5				RCP8.5
	1.5°C		2°C		1.5°C		2°C
	Area	Hazard	Area	Hazard	Area	Hazard	Area	Hazard
Severe	2.12	0.0254	2.28	0.0252	1.92	0.0242	2.09	0.0260
Moderate	3.96	0.0772	4.04	0.0828	3.90	0.0741	4.12	0.0757
Mild	6.95	0.3636	7.10	0.3569	6.92	0.3643	6.95	0.3642

Figure 5. Spatial patterns of flood hazard indexes in China for 1.5°C and 2°C of global warming under the RCP8.5 scenario.

Table 4. The distribution area (units: million km²) and average hazard indexes of droughts for 1.5°C and 2°C of global warming.

Level	RCP4.5				RCP8.5
	1.5°C		2°C		1.5°C		2°C
	Area	Hazard	Area	Hazard	Area	Hazard	Area	Hazard
Severe	7.66	0.0640	7.72	0.0627	7.63	0.0655	7.37	0.0693
Moderate	–	0.5832	–	0.5838	–	0.5829	–	0.5898
Mild	–	0.9974	–	0.9977	–	0.9980	–	0.9977

– indicates Nationwide.

Figure 6. Spatial patterns of drought hazard indexes in China for 1.5°C and 2°C of global warming under the RCP8.5 scenario.

Table 5. The distribution area of integrated hazards for 1.5°C and 2°C of global warming (units: million km²).

Level	RCP4.5		RCP8.5
	1.5°C	2°C	1.5°C	2°C
High	1.86	2.17	1.92	2.17
Middle	2.52	2.84	2.44	2.71
Low	4.74	4.33	4.73	4.39

Figure 7. Spatial patterns of integrated hazards in China for 1.5°C and 2°C of global warming.

Data availability statement

CMIP5 and ISIMIP climate scenario data are available at the Earth System Grid Federation data node at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory: https://esgf-node.llnl.gov/search/esgf-llnl/. The series of global mean annual temperatures can be visualized on the following web-portal: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/data. The series of mean annual temperatures in China are available for download from the reference: Tang, G. L., Ding, Y. H., Wang, S. W., Ren, G. Y., Liu, H. B., & Zhang, L. (2009). Comparative analysis of the time series of surface air temperature over China for the last 100 years, Advances in Climate Change Research, 5, 71-78.