Snow and ice thicknesses derived from Fast Ice Prediction System Version 2.0 (FIPS V2.0) in Prydz Bay, East Antarctica: comparison with in-situ observations

Figures & data

Figure 1. The MODIS image of Prydz Bay, East Antarctica (24 September 2015), modified from the figure in Zhao et al. (2020). The domain of FIPS V2.0 is denoted by the black rectangle. The fast ice region is denoted by the red border. The in-situ observation site (SIP) is denoted by the red dot, which is located about 100 m off the coast.

Table 1. The parameters applied in the HIGHTSI model.

Variables	Values	Sources
Snow layers	10	Study design
Ice layers	20	Study design
Sea ice density	910 kg/m^3	Lei et al. (2010)
Sea water density	1020 kg/m^3	literature
Average bulk snow density	320 kg/m^3	Huwald, Tremblay, and Blatter (2005)
Slush density	920 kg/m^3	Saloranta (2000)
Superimposed ice density	850 kg/m^3	Wang, Cheng, Wang, Gerland, and Pavlova (2015)
Snow ice density	918 kg/m^3	literature
Latent heat of fusion	0.33 × 10^6 J/kg	literature
Sea water freezing temperature	1.9°C	Lei et al. (2010)
Surface emissivity	0.97	Vihma, Johansson, and Launiainen (2009)
Thermal conductivity of pure ice	2.03 W/m·K	Yen (1981)
Thermal conductivity of snow	0.31 W/m·K	Pringle, Eicken, Trodahl, and Backstrom (2007)
Specific heat of sea ice	2093 J/kg·K	literature
Sea ice salinity	4 psu	Yang et al. (2015)

Figure 2. Measuring the (a) thick ice (> 1 m), (b) thin ice (< 1 m), and (c) snow on the fast ice near Zhongshan Station, conducted by the winter team members.

Figure 3. Comparisons of the (a) wind speed (Va), (b) air temperature (Ta), (c) relative humidity (Rh), and (d) cloudiness (CN) from the ERA-Interim and Zhongshan AWS observations, averaged from 2012 to 2016. The line and the shaded areas represent the multi-year mean and standard deviation, respectively.

Figure 4. Mean snow and ice thicknesses from FIPS V2.0 in November when the ice thickness usually reaches the maximum and when CHINARE arrives in this region for the annual logistical supply.

Figure 5. Weekly mean snow and ice thicknesses at the SIP grid from FIPS V2.0 simulations, averaged from 2012 to 2016, compared to the in-situ observations.

Figure 6. Monthly mean biases of the snow and ice thicknesses at the SIP grid from FIPS V2.0 simulations, averaged from 2012 to 2016.

Zhao, J., Cheng, B., Vihma, T., Heil, P., Hui, F., Shu, Q., … Yang, Q. (2020). Fast Ice Prediction System (FIPS) for land-fast sea ice at Prydz Bay, East Antarctica: An operational service for CHINARE. Annals of Glaciology, 61(83), 271–283.

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Data availability statement

The dataset is openly available in the Science Data Bank at http://www.doi.org/10.11922/sciencedb.j00076.00066.