Fungi associated with leaf litter of para rubber (Hevea brasiliensis)

Figures & data

Table 1. Occurrence (%) of fungi on para rubber leaf litter at different stage of decomposition collected from Nakhon Si Thammarat and Songkhal provinces

	Location
	Nakhon Si Thammarat			Songkhla
Taxa	New	Middle	Old	New	Middle	Old
Ascomycetes
Acarocybe sp.		0.43		0.26
A. deightonii	0.87
Amerosporium sp.		0.21
Aquaticheirospora lignicola		0.21
Astrosphaeriella	1.31
Broomella acuta	0.22
Ceratocystis ulmi		0.43
Chaetomium sp.			0.29
Claussenomyces prasinulus				0.25
Cucurbitaria elongata				0.51		0.96
Dothidotthia sp. 1				0.51	0.76
Dothidotthia sp. 2	0.65
Dothiorella sp.					0.25
Eupenicillium sp.					0.10
Gaeumannomyces graminis				0.51
Genicularia cystospora	1.09
Glomerella cingulata		2.14	1.17
Gnomonia amoena	0.22
G. fragariae			1.75
Griphoshaeria corticola			0.29
Hypoxylon sp. 1	1.53	2.99	1.46	1.54
Hypoxylon sp. 2	0.44			0.26
Hypoxylon sp. 3				1.28	0.76	2.56
Hypoxylon sp. 4					0.51
Hypoxylon sp. 5						0.96
Hypoxylon sp. 6					0.76
Hypoxylon cohaerens	0.22	1.28
Linocarpon sp.	0.65		1.75		0.25
Linospora sp.	0.22	0.21			1.78
Lophiostoma semiliberum						0.32
L. viridarium				0.26
Kirschsteiniothelia sp.	2.83	3.63	3.51	4.36	4.33	6.73
Panchanania jaipurensis		1.92	3.22		0.76	5.13
Thyridaria sambucina		0.85	1.75	0.26	1.53	3.85
Talaromyces flavus*	0.33			0.39
Truncatella sp.	0.22
Xylaria hypoxylon	0.22	0.43
Xylaria sp.		0.64
Mitosporic fungi
Acremonium sp. 1			0.29
Acremonium sp. 2			0.58
A. alternatum				0.26
A. butyri	0.22
A. fusidioides		0.21	0.29		0.51
A. kiliense*		0.21		1.54
A. murorum		0.43
A. strictum		0.21
Acrodictys sacchari					0.51
Acrostaurus turneri						0.32
Alternaria sp.	0.22
A. radicina			1.17
A. rhodosporum		0.29
Annellophora solani					0.25
Annellophroagmia sp.			0.88
Aposphaeria peizizoides	3.49	1.28
Arthrobotryum atrocephalum				0.26	1.27
Articuculospora tetracladia	1.28	1.17			0.51	4.49
Aspergillus sp. 1	1.33	2.04
Aspergillus sp. 2	1.33		1.16
Aspergillus sp. 3			1.16
A. aculeatus*				0.51
A. caespitosus*		0.17
A. carbonarium*						0.10
A. flavus*				0.26
A. japonicus*		0.68		1.03	0.87	0.10
A. niger*				0.68		0.08
A. parasiticus*					0.87
A. pulverulentus*				0.51
A. puniceus*						0.02
A. restrictus*			0.29	0.48		0.64
A. sclerotiorum*			0.46
A. sydowii*		0.68	0.29		0.43
A. terreus*				0.39	0.25
Bacillispora aquatica						0.64
Bactrodesmium sp.					0.25
B. betulicola				0.26
B. longispora						0.22
B. pallidum					0.51
B. rahmii	0.87	2.99	3.51	0.26	3.82	1.60
B. spilomeum	1.09			2.05		2.56
Bipolaris haveae		0.43		0.26	0.25
Balladynopsis vanderystii	0.65
Belltraniella pizozynskii				0.51		0.32
Beltrania rhombica						0.32
B. fertilis				1.54		1.60
B. odinae						0.32
B. pini						0.32
B. santapaui			0.29
Berkleasmium macropus	0.65
B. cf. minutissimum		0.21		0.26	0.51
Bidenticula cannae				0.26
Bispora antennata						0.32
Bipolaris ellisii*					0.43
Botryodiplodia acerina	4.79	1.71		0.51	2.80	1.92
Botryotrichum sp.				0.26
B. piluliferum						0.32
Brachydesmiella biseptata					0.51
Camarosporium rosae	0.65
C. salicinum			0.29
Camposporium sp.	0.87	0.21
C. antennatum	0.22			2.05		3.85
C. cambrense	0.44			0.51	1.78	0.64
C. laundonii						0.32
Canalispora pallidum	0.22
Canalisporium exiguum					0.25
C. pallidum				0.26	1.02
Ceratohorum uncinatum		0.43
Cercospora sp. 1	0.44
Cercospora sp. 2					0.25
Cercospora sp. 3		0.21
Cercospora sp. 4	0.22
Cercospora sp. 5	0.44
Cercospora sp. 6		0.85
Cercospora apii		0.85
C. opuli	0.22
C. vaginae	0.22
Chaetopsina sp.		0.43
Chalara sp.	0.22
C. cylindrosperma				0.26
C. elegans					0.25
Chaetochalara sp.	1.31
Chryseidea sp.						0.64
Chrysosporium pannorum		0.43
Chuppia sarcinifera		0.21
Circinotrichum fertile	0.44	0.21
C. maculiforme	0.65		0.29		0.25	0.32
C. poonense		0.43		0.51		1.28
Cladosporium sp. 1	0.22			0.77	2.54	0.96
Cladosporium sp. 2		0.43	0.88
Cladosporium sp. 3				0.51	0.25
C. acaciicola				1.03
C. balladyner			0.23
C. britanicum*	0.22		0.58	0.51
C. elatum				1.79
C. flavum	2.18	3.42	3.22
C. gallicola	0.65		0.58		0.25
C. nigrelum				0.26
C. orchidis	2.61	2.56	0.29
C. oxysporum				2.05	0.51	0.32
C. orchidearum					1.53
C. psoraleae*			0.29
C. staurophorum					0.32
C. tenuissimum	3.49	1.07	1.17	3.59	1.53	1.60
C. uredinicola		0.21				0.64
Clavariopsis aquatica	0.44
Codinaea sp. 1	0.65	0.43	0.58		0.76
Codinaea sp. 2		0.64			1.02
Codinaea sp. 3					0.25
Codinaea sp. 4	0.65	0.21	0.88		0.25
C. assamica	1.31				0.25	1.92
C. britannica*	0.17	0.43				0.32
C. fertilis					1.27
C. hughesii					0.25	0.64
Colletotrichum sp. 1*		0.21			0.76
Colletotrichum sp. 2	0.87	1.07		2.56	0.76
Colletotrichum sp. 3	1.31				1.02
C. dematium	1.31			0.77
C. gloeosporiodes	0.17	0.21		2.05	0.76	0.96
Conioscypha sp.				0.26
Corynespora sp.		0.43
C. cassiicola		0.85	0.88		0.25
C. novae-zelandiae		0.58
C. trichiliae				0.26
Coryneum sp.	0.65
C. elevatum			0.29
Curvularia sp. 1					0.25
Curvularia sp. 2				1.03	0.25
Curvularia sp. 3					0.51
C. affinis				0.26
C. deightonii						0.32
C. geniculata			0.29	1.03		0.32
C. lunata	0.44	3.63	1.17	0.51	0.51	1.28
C. pallescens	0.65	0.21	0.58	1.28	1.02	1.28
C. peniseti					0.25
C. richardiae				0.29
C. senegalensis		0.21
C. uncinata				0.26	0.25
Cylindocladium sp. 1		0.21	0.58
Cylindocladium sp. 2		0.64
C. oligospermum				0.51
C. parvum		0.21	2.05	1.03	0.51
C. scoparium	2.40				0.25
Cylindrocarpon didymum				0.77
Cytosporina sp.		0.21
Dactylaria sp.					0.51	0.64
D. hyalina	0.22	1.92	1.46	0.77	1.02	1.60
D. janci	0.65	0.43		2.56		4.17
D. obtriangularia			0.88
Dactylella ellipsospora			0.58			0.32
Dendrospora erecta		0.43
Dendryphiopsis atra	0.65
Dichomera prunicola		0.64
Dictyosporium sp.				0.77
Dictyosporium heptasporum				0.25
D. manglietiae	0.22	0.21	0.29
Diplococcium sp.	1.31
Diploccium pallidum					0.76
D. spicatum				0.77	2.80
D. asperum					1.02
Diplocladiella scalarioides				0.26
Diplodia sp. 1	0.87	1.50
Diplodia sp. 2				0.77
D. melaena				0.77		0.32
D. zeae			2.92
Diplodina sp.		1.28
Discosia artocreas						0.96
D. maculicila	0.44
Drechslera sp.					0.51
D. haveae	0.22			1.54
Elletevera parasitica		1.07
Ellisembia vaginata	0.44	1.50		0.26
Ellisiopsis sp.		0.29			0.51	3.53
E. gallesiae				2.05	1.53
Endophragmia sp.					0.51
E. bisbyi	0.87				0.51
E. cesatii
E. elliptica						0.32
Endophragmiella theobromae				0.77
Ephelis borealis			1.17
Exosporium phyllantheum		1.28
Fasariella sp.			0.58	1.54	0.76
Fibulocoela sp.	1.09
Fraseriell sp.		0.58
Fulvia sp.		0.64
F. berkheyae				1.28
Fusarium sp. 1			0.88	1.79
Fusarium sp. 2			0.88		1.53
Fusarium sp. 3	1.09	0.85				0.64
Fusarium sp. 4	1.09	1.50		2.05
Fusarium sp. 5	1.74	1.07		0.77	1.53	0.64
Fusarium sp. 6	0.22	0.64		1.79	1.78
Fusarium sp. 7	0.65	0.43
Fusarium sp. 8		1.07
F. moniliforme	0.22
F. oxysporum	0.22
F. semitectum	1.31			0.26
F. solani				0.10
Fusicladium sp.				0.26
Fusoma rubricosa		1.07
Graphium putredinis						0.32
Gyrothrix circinata		0.43		0.51	0.76	1.92
G. podosperma		0.64	0.58		1.53	0.32
Gliocladium roseum				0.10
Hansfordia pulvinata	1.09	1.92	0.29	1.79	3.05	0.64
H. ovalispora						0.32
Haplariopsis fagicola				0.26
Haplographium mangiferae	0.22	0.64			0.25
Harknessia sp.	0.22
Harpographium sp.	0.65
Harposporium sp.		0.21
Helicorhoidion botryoideum				1.28
Helicosporium aureum		0.21		0.26
Helminthosporium sp.	0.65	0.21	0.29		0.51
Hendersonia celtifolia		1.71	1.75
Hendersonula sp.		2.56
Henicospora coronata		1.28	2.92	0.51	1.53	3.53
Heteroconium sp.			0.29
H. chaetospira					0.25
Heteropatella alpina	0.65
Hobsonia mirabilis			0.29
Hormiactis alba				0.51		0.32
H. candida	0.22	0.21	0.88
Humicola grisea					0.25
Hyalotiella sp.						0.64
Hyphodiscosia jaipurensis			0.88
Idriella sp. 1			2.34
Idriella sp. 2		0.64
I. lunata	1.74	2.56	0.58	0.26	1.78	0.64
Kellermannia yaccaegena	0.87
Kramasamuha sp.	0.22		0.29			0.96
Lasiodiplodia cf. theobromae	3.27	2.99	4.09	2.82	6.36	4.49
Lateriramulosa uni-inflata	0.65
Leptodiscella africana	0.65	0.64	1.17		0.64	2.56
Massariothea sp.						0.64
Menispora sp.	0.22					0.32
Menisporopsis profusa	0.22	0.21
M. theobromae	1.31	1.07
Microsporium sp.		0.64			0.64
Minispora sp.		0.21
Mitteriela ziziphina				0.26
Monacrosporium sp. 1						1.28
Monacrosporium sp. 2	0.22
Monacrosporium sp. 3			0.58
Monacrosporium sp. 4		0.43
Monochaetia sp.	2.18	0.43
Monodictys glauca		1.07
Murogenella terricola			0.58
Myrothecium roridum				0.26
Mystrosporiella litseae					0.25	0.64
Neottiosporella sp.						1.60
Nigrospora sphaerica	1.96	3.21	2.34	2.82	4.07	2.88
Oedothea vismiae				1.79
Paecilomyces sp.	0.65		0.58	1.03	0.25	0.64
Paranospora novae-zelandiae		1.75
Paecilomyces lilacinus*						0.02
Parasympodiella podocarpi	0.44					0.32
Paratomenticola lanceolatus					0.32
Penicillifer pulcher				0.26
Penicillium sp. 1	0.22	0.85	0.58		0.25
Penicillium sp. 2	1.09	1.07	0.58		0.96
Penicillium sp. 3	1.09		0.58		0.77	0.64
P. chrysogenum*				0.19		0.64
P. dissiminata*			0.23
P. janthinellum*		0.43
P. miczynskii*				0.77
P. rolfsii*				0.51
P. rubrum*	0.44	1.07	0.88		0.51
Pestalotia sp.		0.85	0.58	0.10		0.32
Pestalotiopsis sp. 1	0.65	0.43	0.58	3.33	0.51	3.21
Pestalotiopsis sp. 2	0.65	0.64	1.17		1.27
Pestalotiopsis sp. 3	0.44	0.85	1.17	0.51	1.27
Pestalotiopsis sp. 4	0.87
P. dissiminata	0.87
P. macroticha*	0.67
Peyronellaea sp.	0.22
Phaeoisaria sparsa	0.87
Phaeoisariopsis sp.		0.64			0.64
P. cercosporioides				0.51	0.32
Phaeosphaeria sp.						0.96
P. capsicicola				0.26
Phoma sp.	0.22			0.77
Phomopsis sp.	0.65	0.64		1.07
Phyllosticta sp.		0.43				0.32
Pithomyces graminicola	0.22
Pleurotheciopsis pusilla				0.26	0.25	0.96
Pleurophragmium acutum	2.18			1.03	1.02
P. simplex					0.51
Polyschema sp.		0.85
Pseudobeltrania penzigii					0.25
Pseudogliomastix sp.		1.07	1.46
Pseudospiropes hughesii					1.02
Pseudorobillarda sp.					0.25
P. phragm*					0.43
Pseudospiropes obclavatus					0.51
Pteroconium intermedium	0.44
Pucciniopsis sp.		1.50
Pyriculariopsis parasitica		0.21			0.76
Ramularia tulasnea	1.09
Rhexoampullifer sp.	0.22
Rhinocladiella sp.		0.21		0.26	0.51	1.92
Rhombostilbella rosae			0.29
Robillarda phragmitis				0.26
Scolecobasidium compactum	0.85	2.34
S. dendroides					0.25
S. salinum			0.58	0.51	0.51
Scolecobasidiella avellanea				1.79		5.77
Scolecobasidium sp.		0.21			0.58
S. acanthacea					0.64
S. dendroides		0.58
Selenosporella sp.	0.22		1.75
Septocylindrium aromaticum			1.75
Setocyta ruborum				1.03
Seynesiella sp.	0.65
Sirosporium antenniforme	1.09
Spegazzina lobulata				0.51
Spegazzinia deightonii	0.22		0.29	0.26
S. sundara				0.26
Speiriopsis hyalospora	0.44	2.35	0.88	0.77	2.80
S. pedatospora		0.21	0.58			4.49
Spermospora avenae	0.44
S. subulata		0.43
Spiropes sp.				0.26
S. capensis		1.07	0.88
S. effusus		0.64
S. fumosus			0.88
S. japonicus		0.64
S. penicillium		0.64
Spondylocladiella botrytioides	0.43	0.29		0.51		0.87
Sporidesmium sp. 1		0.43
Sporidesmium sp. 2		0.43
Sporidesmium sp. 3		0.43
Sporidesmium sp. 4		0.21
Sporidesmium sp. 5	0.87
S. aburiense		0.21
S. baccharidis	0.22
S. bambusae	0.87		0.88
S. dioscoeae		0.58
S. harknesii				0.77	0.25	0.64
S. japonicus			1.46		0.43
S. jasminicola	0.22	0.43			0.43
S. leptosporum		0.64
S. nodipes			0.58	0.51	0.25
S. rubi	0.22	0.58	0.88	1.54	0.25
S. socium					1.02
S. uniseptatum					0.76
Sporoschismopsis sp.	0.22		2.05		0.25	0.32
Sporothrix schenckii				1.03
Stachybotrys sp.	0.22	0.64			0.25
Stenella pithecellobii	1.31	0.43
Stigmina combreti	0.22
S. combreticola	0.44		0.29
S. hartigiana					0.51
S. kranzii		0.21
Stilbospora sp.	1.09
Stilbum sp.*	0.33
Subulispora sp.	0.65		0.29
S. procurvata	0.87	2.99	4.97	2.56	3.56	6.73
Taeniolella scripta		0.64
Taeniolina centaurii		0.21
Taxosporium sp.		0.43
Tetraploa aristata	4.06	1.75		0.25	0.64	1.31
Tetraposporium sp.		0.21
Tiarosporella sp.				0.26
Torula herbarum	3.49	3.21	3.22	2.05	1.02
Tretospora sp.	1.09
Triadelphia heterospora	0.44	0.43
Trichoderma hamatum*			0.58		0.11
T. harzianum*	0.33	0.17	0.64	0.26	0.26	0.64
T. koningii*	1.07
T. parceramosum*		0.43			0.11
T. virens*					0.11
T. viride*				0.19
Trichodochium disseminatum	1.07
Trichothecium roseum				1.03
Tricladium angulatum						0.32
T. castaneicola	0.87	0.43			0.25	4.17
T. fuscum						0.64
Trimmatostrona betulinum					0.25
Triscelophorus acuminatus	0.65					5.13
T. monosporus		0.64	0.58			0.32
T. panapensis	0.22	1.50	4.09		1.02	0.64
Trisulcosporium acerinum				0.77
Tubercularia vulgaris		0.21
Varicosporium eladeae	0.44
Veronaea sp.		0.21
V. botryosa	0.22
V. carlinae	1.53	1.07	1.75	8.46	3.56	6.09
V. coprophila	2.18	4.49	6.14	0.51	5.60	4.49
V. musae				1.28
Verticillium sp.	0.44	0.21
V. dahliae				0.51
Volutella fructi	0.44
Wiesneriomyces javanicus	1.31	2.56	1.75	1.28	0.76	1.60
Zanclospora sp.		0.64
Z. brevispora				0.26
Zygosporium deightonii					0.51	0.32
Z. echinosporum	0.65	0.21	0.29	0.26	0.76	0.32
Z. gibbrum	1.31	0.21	0.88	1.28	2.29	0.32
Z. majus					0.51	0.64
Z. masonii	1.31	1.50		0.77	1.27
Z. oscheoides	0.22
Basidiomycete
Marasmius sp.			2.05			0.32
Oomycete
Phytophthora sp.				0.51
Zygomycetes
Rhizopus sp.				0.26
Mortierella polycephala					0.25
Total number of species recorded at each stage	161	166	106	142	145	105
Note: *Isolated from dilution pour-plate.

Table 2. Dominant fungi found on para rubber leaf litter, with over 3% of occurrence at each stage

	Location
Decomposition stage	Nakhon Si Thammarat	Songkhla
Newly fallen leaves	Aphoshaeria peizizoides	Cladosporium tenuissimun
	Botryodiplodia acerina	Kirschsteiniothelia sp.
	Cladosporium tenuissimum	Veronaea carlinae
	Lasiodiplodia cf. theobromae
	Tetraploa aristata
	Torula herbarum
Middle stage decaying leaves	Cladosporium flavum	Bactrodesmium rahmii
	Curvularia lunata	Hansfordia pulvinata
	Kirschsteiniothelia sp.	Kirschsteiniothelia sp.
	Nigrospora sphaerica	Lasiodiplodia cf. theobromae
	Torula herbarum	Nigrospora sphaerica
	Veronaea coprophila	Subulispora procuvata
		Veronaea carlinae
		Veronaea coprophila
Old decaying fallen leaves	Bactrodesmium rahmii	Camposporium antennatum
	Kirschteiniothelia sp.	Dactylaria junci
	Lasiodiplodia cf. theobromae	Ellisopsis sp.
	Panchanania jaipurensis	Henicospora coronata
	Subulispora procurvata	Kirschsteiniothelia sp.
	Torula herbarum	Lasiodiplodia cf. theobromae
	Triscelophorus panapensis	Panchanania jaipurensis
	Veronaea coprophila	Pestalotiopsis sp.
		Scolecobasidium avellanal
		Speiropsis hyalospora
		Subulispora procuvata
		Thyridaria sambucina
		Tricladium castaneicola
		Triscelophorus acuminatus
		Veronaea carlinae
		Veronaea coprophila

Table 3. Diversity indices of saprobic fungi on para rubber leaf litter at different stage of decomposition

	Location
	Nakhon Sri Thammarat			Songkhla
Decomposition stage	No. of species	Index D	Index H	No. of species	Index D	Index H
New*	161	0.9895	4.6422	142	0.9870	4.5725
Middle*	166	0.9901	4.7275	145	0.9871	4.5734
Old*	106	0.9854	4.3471	105	0.9802	4.1528
Note: *Newly fallen leaves, middle stage decaying leaves and old decaying fallen leaves.

Table 4. Indices of similarity of fungi associated with different stages of decomposition in para rubber leaf litter

	Location
	Nakhon Si Thammarat			Songkhla
Decomposition stage	New	Middle	Old	New	Middle	Old
New*		0.4343	0.3745		0.4042	0.3968
Middle*			0.4044			0.4000
Old*
Note: *Newly fallen leaves, middle stage decaying leaves and old decaying fallen leaves.

Table 5. Diversity indices of saprobic fungi on para rubber leaf litter in the late rainy, dry season and early rainy seasons

	No. of fungi (species)
Location/season	New*	Middle*	Old*	Total	Index D	Index H
Nakhon Si Thammarat
Late rainy season	70	95	48	213	0.9806	2.9562
Dry season	95	98	66	259	0.9854	3.1459
Early rainy season	85	72	66	223	0.9847	3.0266
Songkhla
Late rainy season	82	77	53	212	0.9821	4.4162
Dry season	74	70	70	214	0.9831	4.4246
Early rainy season	55	71	43	169	0.9752	3.7138
Note: *Newly fallen leaves, middle stage decaying leaves and old decaying fallen leaves.

Table 6. Indices of similarity of fungi associated with para rubber leaf litter versus seasons: late rainy, dry season and early rainy season

	Nakhon Si Thammarat			Songkhla
Season	Late rainy season	Dry season	Early rainy season	Late rainy season	Dry season	Early rainy season
Late rainy season		0.4584	0.3255		0.3924	0.3887
Dry season			0.3799			0.3908
Early rainy season