Interactions between saprotrophic basidiomycete mycelia and mycophagous soil fauna

Figures & data

Table 1. Mean percentage effects of different invertebrate grazers on hyphal coverage, extension rate and wood decay rate of cord–forming basidiomycete fungi compared to un-grazed controls growing in 2-D soil microcosms

Fungus	Grazer	Population number added	Hyphal coverage (%)	Extension rate (%)	Decay rate (%)	Reference
H. fasciculare	F. candida (c)	20	↓ 43	↓ 26	–	Kampichler et al. 2004*†
		40	↓ 50	↓ 32	–
		60	↓ 57	↓ 47	–
	P. minuta (c)	50	NS	NS	–
	H. tullbergi (c)	40	NS	NS	–
H. fasciculare	F. candida (c)	40	NS	NS	–	Harold et al. 2005*†
H. fasciculare	F. candida (c)	10	↓ 18	↓ 7	NS	Tordoff et al. 2006*
		20	↓ 35	↓ 21	NS
		40	↓ 36	↓ 36	NS
R. bicolor	F. candida (c)	10	↓ 11	↓ 39	NS	Tordoff et al. 2006*
		20	↓ 39	↓ 69	NS
		40	↓ 46	↓ 100	NS
P. velutina	F. candida (c)	10	NS	↓ 7	NS	Tordoff et al. 2006*
		20	NS	↓ 23	NS
		40	NS	↓ 51	NS
P. velutina	F. candida (c)	20	↑ 24	NS	–	Bretherton et al. 2006
		20 R	NS	↓ 4	–
		40	NS	↓ 6	–
		40 R	NS	NS	–
		80	↓ 46	↓ 7	–
		80 R	↑ 19	NS	–
P. velutina	F. candida (c)	250	NS	NS	–	Wood et al. 2006¶
H. fasciculare	F. candida (c)	≈ 50	↓ 95	↓ 99	↓ 21	Tordoff et al. 2008
	P. armata (c)	≈ 57	↓ 94	↓ 99	↓ 24
	P. minuta (c)	≈ 342	↓ 94	↓ 98	NS
R. bicolor	F. candida (c)	≈ 50	↓ 100	↓ 100	NS	Tordoff et al. 2008
	P. armata (c)	≈ 57	↓ 28	NS	NS
	P. minuta (c)	≈ 342	–	–	–
P. velutina	F. candida (c)	≈ 50	↓ 73	↓ 69	NS	Tordoff et al. 2008
	P. armata (c)	≈ 57	↓ 24	↓ 35	NS
	P. minuta (c)	≈ 342	↓ 71	↓ 74	NS
P. impudicus	F. candida (c)	≈ 50	↓ 19	↓ 35	NS	Tordoff et al. 2008
	P. armata (c)	≈ 57	NS	NS	NS
	P. minuta (c)	≈ 342	–	–	–
H. fasciculare	F. candida (c)	60	NS	NS	–	A'Bear et al. 2010
	E. globulus (o)	60	↓ 21	–	–
	H. gibba (o)	60	–	–	–
	S. magnus (o)	60	↓ 11	↓ 19	–
R. bicolor	F. candida (c)	60	NS	↓ 100	–	A'Bear et al. 2010
	E. globulus (o)	60	NS	–	–
	H. gibba (o)	60	NS	–	–
	S. magnus (o)	60	↓ 95	NS	–
P. velutina	F. candida (c)	60	↓ 27	NS	–	A'Bear et al. 2010
	E. globulus (o)	60	↓ 24	NS	–
	H. gibba (o)	60	↓ 25	NS	–
	S. magnus (o)	60	↓ 21	NS	–
P. velutina	P. armata (c)	60	↓ 62	–	–	Tordoff et al. 2011
H. fasciculare JH	F. candida (c)	60	NS	NS	NS	Crowther et al. 2011a
	E. globulus (o)	60	NS	NS	NS
	E. crypticus (e)	60	NS	NS	NS
	P. redivivus (n)	1000	↑ 19	NS	NS
	O. asellus (i)	5	NS	↓ 30	NS
	P. scaber (i)	5	NS	NS	NS
	B. guttulatus (m)	5	↓ 71	↓ 58	↑ 14
H. fasciculare DD2	F. candida (c)	60	NS	NS	NS	Crowther et al. 2011a
	E. globulus (o)	60	NS	NS	NS
	E. crypticus (e)	60	NS	NS	NS
	P. redivivus (n)	1000	NS	NS	NS
	O. asellus (i)	5	NS	NS	NS
	P. scaber (i)	5	↓ 37	NS	NS
	B. guttulatus (m)	5	↓ 61	↓ 41	↑ 42
H. fasciculare DD3	F. candida (c)	60	↑ 18	NS	NS	Crowther et al. 2011a
	E. globulus (o)	60	NS	NS	NS
	E. crypticus (e)	60	NS	NS	NS
	P. redivivus (n)	1000	NS	NS	NS
	O. asellus (i)	5	NS	NS	NS
	P. scaber (i)	5	NS	NS	NS
	B. guttulatus (m)	5	↓ 75	↓ 73	↑ 23
R. bicolor	F. candida (c)	60	↓ 50	NS	NS	Crowther et al. 2011a
	E. globulus (o)	60	NS	NS	NS
	E. crypticus (e)	60	NS	NS	NS
	P. redivivus (n)	1000	NS	NS	NS
	O. asellus (i)	5	↓ 100	↓ 100	↑ 29
	P. scaber (i)	5	↓ 100	↓ 100	NS
	B. guttulatus (m)	5	↓ 35	↓ 52	NS
P. velutina	F. candida (c)	60	NS	NS	NS	Crowther et al. 2011a
	E. globulus (o)	60	NS	NS	NS
	E. crypticus (e)	60	NS	NS	NS
	P. redivivus (n)	1000	↓ 56	NS	↑ 48
	O. asellus (i)	5	NS	↓ 61	↑ 24
	P. scaber (i)	5	NS	NS	NS
	B. guttulatus (m)	5	NS	↓ 49	NS
P. impudicus	F. candida (c)	60	NS	NS	NS	Crowther et al. 2011a
	E. globulus (o)	60	NS	NS	NS
	E. crypticus (e)	60	NS	NS	NS
	P. redivivus (n)	1000	↓ 51	NS	NS
	O. asellus (i)	5	NS	NS	NS
	P. scaber (i)	5	NS	NS	NS
	B. guttulatus (m)	5	NS	NS	NS
H. fasciculare JH	F. candida (c)	60	↓ 84	↓ 70	↑ 94	Crowther et al. 2011b§
	E. globulus (o)	60	NS	NS	NS
	E. crypticus (e)	60	NS	NS	NS
	P. redivivus (n)	1000	↓ 29	↓ 9	↑ 108
	O. asellus (i)	5	↓ 72	↓ 66	↑ 102
	B. guttulatus (m)	5	↓ 58	↓ 10	↑ 100
H. fasciculare DD2	F. candida (c)	60	NS	NS	NS	Crowther et al. 2011b§
	E. globulus (o)	60	NS	NS	NS
	E. crypticus (e)	60	NS	NS	NS
	P. redivivus (n)	1000	NS	NS	NS
	O. asellus (i)	5	↓ 27	↓ 11	NS
	B. guttulatus (m)	5	NS	NS	NS
H. fasciculare DD3	F. candida (c)	60	↓ 82	↓ 38	NS	Crowther et al. 2011b§
	E. globulus (o)	60	NS	NS	NS
	E. crypticus (e)	60	NS	NS	NS
	P. redivivus (n)	1000	↓ 55	NS	↑106
	O. asellus (i)	5	↓ 31	NS	NS
	B. guttulatus (m)	5	↓ 76	↓ 36	↑ 96
R. bicolor	F. candida (c)	60	↓ 100	↓ 100	↓ 24	Crowther et al. 2011b§
	E. globulus (o)	60	NS	NS	NS
	E. crypticus (e)	60	NS	NS	NS
	P. redivivus (n)	1000	↓ 15	NS	NS
	O. asellus (i)	5	↓ 100	↓ 100	↓ 52
	B. guttulatus (m)	5	↓ 21	NS	NS
P. velutina	F. candida (c)	60	↓ 79	↓ 72	NS	Crowther et al. 2011b§
	E. globulus (o)	60	NS	NS	NS
	E. crypticus (e)	60	NS	NS	NS
	P. redivivus (n)	1000	↓ 54	NS	NS
	O. asellus (i)	5	↓ 77	↓ 69	↑ 46
	B. guttulatus (m)	5	↓ 23	NS	NS
P. impudicus	F. candida (c)	60	↓ 88	↓ 66	↑ 23	Crowther et al. 2011b§
	E. globulus (o)	60	NS	NS	NS
	E. crypticus (e)	60	NS	NS	NS
	P. redivivus (n)	1000	↓ 23	NS	NS
	O. asellus (i)	5	↓ 100	↓ 100	↑ 25
	B. guttulatus (m)	5	↓ 31	NS	NS
H. fasciculare JH	F. candida (c)	60	NS	–	–	Crowther et al. 2011c
	P. redivivus (n)	1000	NS	–	–
	O. asellus (i)	5	↓ 39	–	–
	B. guttulatus (m)	5	↓ 67	–	–
H. fasciculare DD2	F. candida (c)	60	NS	–	–	Crowther et al. 2011c
	P. redivivus (n)	1000	↓ 43	–	–
	O. asellus (i)	5	NS	–	–
	B. guttulatus (m)	5	↓ 88	–	–
R. bicolor	F. candida (c)	60	↓ 92	–	–	Crowther et al. 2011c
	P. redivivus (n)	1000	NS	–	–
	O. asellus (i)	5	↓ 100	–	–
	B. guttulatus (m)	5	NS	–	–
P. velutina	F. candida (c)	60	NS	–	–	Crowther et al. 2011c
	P. redivivus (n)	1000	NS	–	–
	O. asellus (i)	5	↓ 60	–	–
	B. guttulatus (m)	5	NS	–	–
R. bicolor	F. candida (c)	25	↓ 62	↓ 56	–	Crowther & A'Bear 2012
	F. candida (c)	60	↓ 75	↓ 79	–
	F. candida (c)	120	↓ 100	↓ 100	–
	O. asellus (i)	2	↓ 100	↓ 100	–
	O. asellus (i)	5	↓ 100	↓ 100	–
	O. asellus (i)	10	↓ 100	↓ 100	–
	B. guttulatus (m)	2	↓ 59	↓ 61	–
	B. guttulatus (m)	5	↓ 67	↓ 72	–
	B. guttulatus (m)	10	↓ 88	↓ 86	–
P. velutina	F. candida (c)	25	↓ 49	↓ 48	–	Crowther & A'Bear 2012
	F. candida (c)	60	↓ 64	↓ 78	–
	F. candida (c)	120	↓ 66	↓ 83	–
	O. asellus (i)	2	↓ 51	↓ 33	–
	O. asellus (i)	5	↓ 78	↓ 90	–
	O. asellus (i)	10	↓ 91	↓ 100	–
	B. guttulatus (m)	2	NS	↓ 29	–
	B. guttulatus (m)	5	↓ 44	↓ 67	–
	B. guttulatus (m)	10	↓ 51	↓ 71	–
Hyphal coverage and extension rate data were extracted from the last day before mycelia reached tray edges.
NS indicates no significant effect of grazing compared to un-grazed controls.
Trays were 576 cm^2 unless indicated: * 63.6 cm^2 or ¶ 3249 cm^2.
Wood blocks were 4 cm^3 unless indicated: † 1 cm^3.
Invertebrates were added following cord formation unless indicated: § prior to emergence.
Letters in parenthesis indicate invertebrate taxonomic group: collembola (c), oribatid mite (o), enchytraeid (e), nematode (n), isopod (i) and myriapoda (m).
R indicates that invertebrates were removed following 2 days of grazing.

Figure 1. Digital images of Phallus impudicus growing from 2 × 2 × 1 cm wood blocks across 2D soil microcosms. Images show a poorly interconnected system after 1 (A) and 10 (B) days of collembola (Folsomia candida) grazing and a highly interconnected network after 1 (C) and 10 (D) days of grazing. Interconnected systems were less affected by grazing.

Figure 2. ¹⁵N excess (mean ± SE) of inner (a) and outer (b) zone mycelia, and inner (c) and outer (d) zone soil across the 32-day study period. Treatments are ungrazed (◊) and grazed (⧫) systems. ¹⁵N excess values at t ₀ (▵) are immediately before grazing commenced. Significant time × grazing treatment interactions (RM ANOVA) are indicated; *p ≤ 0.05. Note different y-axis scales. Figure modified from Tordoff et al. (2011).

Figure 3. Outcomes of competitive fungal interactions with Resinicium bicolor (Rb) against Hypholoma fasciculare JH (Hf JH), Hypholoma fasciculare DD3 (Hf DD3) and Phanerochaete velutina (Pv) in soil during control (C), Folsomia candida (Fc), Oniscus asellus (Oa), Blaniulus guttulatus (Bg) and Panagrellus redivivus (Pr) grazing treatments. “Draw” indicates that neither fungus replaced its opponent. Stars indicate significant differences (logistic regression) compared to un-grazed controls (***p ≤ 0.001, **p ≤ 0.01, *p ≤ 0.05). Figure modified from Crowther et al. (2011d).

Figure 4. Digital images showing grazing styles of millipede, Blanniulus guttulatus, on Hypholoma fasciculare (A), woodlouse, Porcellio scaber, on Resinicium bicolor (B), Panagrellus redivivus on Phanerochaete velutina (C), Folsomia candida (D), Euzetes globulus (E) and Enchytraeus crypticus on R. bicolor (F). Figure modified from Crowther et al. (2011a).

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