Driving forces for fuelwood choice of households in developing countries: environmental implications for Bangladesh

Figures & data

Figure 1. Energy Ladder model for explaining energy preferences in developing countries.

Figure 2. General environmental Kuznets curve with a full trajectory and inverted U-shape.

Table 1. Socio-economic factors of fuel preferences by households in South Asian countries

Reference	Topic	Country	Study area	Energy types used	Socio-economic factors
(Elias and Victor 2005)	Energy transitions in developing countries	India	Not defined	Firewood, liquid fuels, gas, electricity	Income, population density, availability of rival fuels, macro-economic growth
(Gupta and Köhlin 2006)	Preferences for domestic fuel	India	Urban	Firewood, coal, kerosene and LPG	Income, education, age of head of household, women's participation in wage work, family size, religion and caste
(Heltberg 2004)	Fuel switching	India	Rural and Urban	Firewood, charcoal, LPG, kerosene, electricity	Income, per capita expenditure, electrification, existing tapwater inside the house, dwelling size, education
(Joon et al. 2009)	Household energy consumption pattern	India	Rural	Firewood, crop residues, dung, LPG	Income, socio-cultural factors
(Rao and Reddy 2007)	Variations in energy use	India	Rural and Urban	Firewood, LPG, kerosene, electricity	Income, household size, education status, occupation, household location
(Reddy and Srinivas 2009)	Energy use in Indian household sector	India	Rural and Urban	Biofuels, kerosene, LPG, electricity	Availability of energy, security of supply, efficiency of use, cost of device, price of energy carrier, ease of use, technological development, introduction of subsidies, environmental considerations
(Reddy 2004)	Economic and social dimension of household energy use	India	Rural and Urban	Biofuel (firewood, charcoal, agri-waste), kerosene, LPG, electricity	Income, location, education, occupation, infrastructure
(Heltberg 2004)	Fuel switching	Nepal	Rural and Urban	Firewood, charcoal, LPG, kerosene, electricity	Income, per capita expenditure, electrification, existing tapwater inside house, dwelling size, education
(Wijayatunga and Attalage 2002)	Household cooking energy demand and environmental effect	Sri Lanka	Rural and Urban	Biomass (firewood, agri-residues), LPG, kerosene, electricity	Income, availability, infrastructure

Table 2. Socio-economic factors of fuel preferences of households in Northeast Asian countries

Reference	Topic	Country	Study area	Energy types used	Socio-economic factors
(Chen et al. 2006)	Energy consumption	China	Rural	Firewood, coal	Exogenous income, household size, labour force in household, education, wealth, cultivated area, distance to forest
(Elias and Victor 2005)	Energy transitions in developing countries	China	Not defined	Firewood, liquid fuels, gas, electricity	Income, population density, availability of rival fuels, macro-economic growth
(Samson et al. 2001)	Strategies for enhancing biomass energy use	The Philippines	Rural and Urban	Firewood, charcoal, agricultural residues, LPG, kerosene	Income, fuel availability
(Liu et al. 2008)	Household energy consumption and its impacts on environment	Tibet	Rural	Firewood, dung, crop residues	Income, cultural tradition, population growth, macro-economic situation, policy guidance
(Heltberg 2004)	Fuel switching	Vietnam	Rural and Urban	Firewood, charcoal, LPG, kerosene, electricity	Income, per capita expenditure, electrification, existing tapwater inside house, dwelling size, education

Table 3. Socio-economic factors of fuel preferences of households in African countries

Reference	Topic	Country	Study area	Energy typesused	Socio-economicfactors
(Hiemstra-van der Horst and Hovorka 2008)	Energy ladder reassessment	Botswana	Urban	Firewood, gas, electricity, paraffin	Income, long-term socio-economic development
(Ouedraogo 2006)	Household energy preferences	Burkina Faso	Urban	Firewood, charcoal, LPG, kerosene, electricity	Income, access to electricity, household size, frequency of cooking
(Heltberg 2004)	Fuel switching	Ghana	Rural and Urban	Firewood, charcoal, LPG, kerosene, electricity	Income, per capita expenditure, electrification, existing tapwater inside house, dwelling size, education
(Manda et al. 2005)	Socio-economic factors and different energy options	Malawi	Urban	Firewood, charcoal, electricity, paraffin	Income, education, housing density
(Heltberg 2004)	Fuel switching	South Africa	Rural and Urban	Firewood, charcoal, LPG, kerosene, electricity	Income, per capita expenditure, electrification, existing tapwater inside house, dwelling size, education
(Madubansi and Shackleton 2006)	Changing energy profiles and consumption patterns	South Africa	Rural	Firewood, agri-residues, paraffin, candles, electricity	Income, infrastructure, governance
(Masekoameng et al. 2005)	Household energy needs and use patterns	South Africa	Rural	Firewood, paraffin, candles	Income, fuel availability, infrastructure
(Campbell et al. 2003)	Energy transition	Zimbabwe	Urban	Firewood, kerosene, electricity	Income, rate of electrification, infrastructure
(Chambwera and Folmer 2007)	Fuel switching	Zimbabwe	Urban	Firewood, kerosene, electricity	Income, price of alternative fuels

Table 4. Socio-economic factors of fuel preferences of households in Latin and Central America

Reference	Topic	Country	Study area	Energy types used	Socio-economic factors
(Israel 2002)	Fuel choice in developing countries	Bolivia	Urban	Firewood, kerosene, LPG, electricity	Income, household size, ethnicity
(Heltberg 2004)	Fuel switching	Brazil	Rural and Urban	Firewood, charcoal, LPG, kerosene, electricity	Income, per capita expenditure, electrification, existing tapwater inside house, dwelling size, education
(Heltberg 2004)	Fuel switching	Guatemala	Rural and Urban	Firewood, charcoal, LPG, kerosene, electricity	Income, per capita expenditure, electrification, existing tapwater inside house, dwelling size, education
(Heltberg 2005)	Household fuel choice	Guatemala	Rural and Urban	Firewood, charcoal, LPG, kerosene, electricity	Income, household size, education, fuel price, ethnicity, taste preference, cooking habits
(Heltberg 2004)	Fuel switching	Nicaragua	Rural and Urban	Firewood, charcoal, LPG, kerosene, electricity	Income, per capita expenditure, electrification, existing tap water inside house, dwelling size, education

Figure 3. Tunnelling through the environmental Kuznets curve.

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