Impact of rural community harvesting practices on plant biodiversity in Kudremukh National Park, India

Figures & data

Table 1. Pioneer index (PI) and importance value index (IVI) of tree species in three different areas of Kudremudh National Park, South India

		Importance value index (IVI)
Species	PI	Tribal plot	Non-tribal	Undisturbed
Actinodaphne bourdillonii Gamble	1	2.156	NF	4.41
Agrostachis indica Dalz	1	NF	NF	5.21
Aglaia anamallayana (Bedd.) Kosterm.	1	9.23	47.68	NF
Antidesma menasu Tul.	1	2.345	2.90	3.75
Apodytes dimidiata Meyer ex Arn	1	3.041	3.66	6.52
Aporosa lindleyana (Wt.) Baill.	2	5.678	2.79	NF
Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk.	2	NF	NF	3.01
Artocarpus hirsutus Lamk.	2	5.246	21.49	NF
Calophyllus polyanthus Wall. ex Choisy.	1	NF	NF	13.94
Callicarpa tomentosa (L.) Murray	3	2.084	NF	NF
Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr.	2	NF	4.46	2.59
Celastrus sp.	1	NF	2.22	NF
Chassalia ophioxyloides (Wall.) Craib	1	NF	NF	1.18
Chionanthus malabarica (Wall. ex G. Don) Bedd.	1	4.196	NF	NF
Cinnamomum malabathrum (Burm. F.) Blume	1	10.162	NF	1.25
Cleistanthus travancorensis Tablonszky	2	NF	NF	20.14
Dimocarpus longon Lour.	2	24.623	42.35	NF
Diospyros sylvatica Roxb.	1	NF	4.70	10.15
Elaeocarpus serratus L.	1	2.38	NF	2.88
Elaeocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.	1	16.513	8.01	14.9
Euodia lunu-ankenda (Gaertn.) Merr.	2	NF	NF	1.26
Ervatamia heyneana (Wall.) Cooler	3	4.168	2.51	NF
Euonymus indicum Heyne ex Wall.	2	NF	NF	1.17
Ficus sp.	2	NF	18.21	NF
Fahrenheita zeylanica Heyne ex Wall.	1	NF	NF	1.35
Flacourtia montana Grah.	2	NF	6.06	NF
Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robs.	1	7.49	NF	NF
Garcinia morella Desr	1	NF	2.10	NF
Glochidion zeylanicum (Gaertn) A. Juss.	2	5.734	NF	NF
Holigarna arnottiana Hk f.	1	10.818	18.92	NF
Holigarna grahamii Kurz.	1	11.543	19.68	4.82
Holigarna nigra Bourd.	1	4.221	NF	NF
Hopea canarensis Hole	1	NF	NF	16.7
Knema attenuata (H.K. & Thomas) Warb	1	NF	10.92	4.39
Kydia calycina Roxb	3	4.58	NF	NF
Ligustrum gamblei Ramam.	2	2.28	NF	NF
Litsea floribunda (Bl.) Gamble	2	8.81	5.82	8.22
Litsea ghatica Saldhana	2	6.26	NF	NF
Litsea laevigata (Nees) Kosterm.	2	NF	2.16	NF
Lophopetalum wightianum Arn.	1	85.79	7.8	NF
Macaranga peltata (Roxb.) Muell-Arg	3	4.25	5.07	NF
Magaratia indica (Dalz.) Airy Shaw	1	NF	5.59	1.48
Mastixia arborea (Wt.) Bedd	1	NF	5.07	4.04
Maytenus rothiana (Walp.) Lobreau-Cal.	1	2.12	NF	NF
Mallotus philippensis (Lamk.) Muell.-Arg.	3	5.84	2.40	NF
Meyna laxiflora Robyns	3	2.38	NF	NF
Mimusops elengi L.	2	NF	27.23	NF
Myristica dactyloides Gaertn	1	NF	NF	10.36
Neolitsea scrobiculata (Meisn.) Gamble.	2	4.11	NF	NF
Nothopegia beddomei Gamble.	2	3.07	2.29	2.38
Olea dioica Roxb.	2	NF	2.72	NF
Palaquium ellipticum (Dalz.) Baillon	1	NF	NF	8.72
Persea macarantha (Nees) Kosterm.	2	16.82	11.48	3.27
Poeciloneuron indicum Bedd	1	NF	NF	106.63
Scheflera rostrata (Wt.) Harms	1	NF	NF	1.34
Symplocus racemosa Roxb.	1	NF	NF	2.79
Symplocus cochinchinensis Roxb.	1	NF	NF	1.17
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels	1	8.70	8.88	NF
Syzygium lanceolatum (Lam.) Wt. & Arn.	2	NF	NF	4.42
Syzygium rubicundum Wt. & Arn.	1	NF	NF	18.64
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.	3	5.19	NF	NF
Toona ciliata Roemer	3	4.64	NF	4.93
Trichilia canaroides (Wt. & Arn.) Benth.	2	NF	NF	1.39
Note: NF, not found in that forest plot.

Table 2. Vegetation characteristics of tree species of three areas of Kudremukh National Park, South India

	Experimental plots
Characteristics	Tribal	Non-tribal	Undisturbed
Number of species
Mature trees	33	29	34
Saplings	27	28	28
Seedlings	17	15	29
Density per hectare
Mature trees	641	604	440
Saplings	145	112	409
Seedlings	4566	4427	457
Shannon–Wiener diversity index
Mature trees	4.17	4.07	3.74
Saplings	4.58	4.08	4.13
Seedlings	3.06	3.53	3.80
Average	3.94	3.89	3.89
Dominance index
Mature trees	0.10	0.07	0.17
Saplings	0.06	0.09	0.14
Seedlings	0.16	0.12	0.15
Average	0.11	0.09	0.15
Ramakrishna index of stand quality (RISQ)
Mature trees	1.52	1.55	1.16
Saplings	1.91	2.22	1.19
Seedlings	1.89	1.41	1.17
Average	1.77	1.72	1.17

Table 3. Contribution of primary, late secondary and early secondary trees to total basal area and number in Kudremukh National Park, South India

	Contribution to number of trees			Contribution to basal area
Parameters	Undisturbed	Tribal	Non-tribal	Undisturbed	Tribal	Non-tribal
Mature trees
Primary	81.86	49.5	52.45	86.83	84.63	39.78
Late secondary	16.17	36.27	42.64	13.16	12.05	42.68
Early secondary	Not found	14.21	4.9	Not found	3.3	17.53
Saplings
Primary	76.47	33.17	43.13	72.19	36.17	55.52
Late secondary	18.62	50	55.88	25.86	49.55	43.44
Early secondary	2.94	16.82	0.98	1.93	14.28	1
Seedlings
Primary	80.75	15.68	31.37	70.55	16.83	27.27
Late secondary	18.07	81.37	66.49	21.17	74.25	64.7
Early secondary	1.12	2.94	2.13	0.26	8.91	8.02
Note: Primary species – require a small gap for regeneration; early secondary species – seedlings can become established in small gaps but need small- to medium-sized gaps to grow; late secondary species – strong light demanders.

Figure 1. Tree species similarity among sites in Kudremukh National Park, South India.