http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9875-8204
Figures & data
Figure 1. Total number of publications by discipline (ecology/environmental sciences versus economics) by the types of analogies they used to describe intermediate ES.
Figure 2. Changes in the number of ecosystem services publications using the term ‘intermediate ES’ overtime and by discipline (n = 317). *Note only publications available up to June 2016 were included.
Figure 3. Conceptualizing multiple intermediate ES in the ES cascade to identify the indirect pathway through which intermediate ES benefit people. (a) A simplified pathway showing that the biophysical structures and processes of an ecosystem underlie intermediate ES capacity (green boxes). These in turn maintain ecosystem condition for the provisioning of final ES (brown boxes), which directly benefit society. (b) When applying this pathway to aquatic ecosystems, bundles of intermediate ES (green boxes) maintain ecosystem conditions of downstream areas so that they continue to provide final ES (brown boxes).
