Can Relational Ethics Guide Us in Wolf Management?

Figures & data

Table

	On wolves		On humans
Impacts	Positive	Negative	Positive	Negative
On habitat
– direct	Minor (easier travel on roads)	Substantial (habitat fragmentation by roads and settlements)	Moderate (increased ecosystem health, benefits for forestry and timber industry)	–
– indirect	–	Moderate (habitat degradation through climatic changes)	–	Minor/moderate (presence of wolves leads to fear)
On behavior
– food supply	Moderate (access to livestock, higher moose density)	Minor (moose hunting)	Minor (healthier game populations)	Substantial (changes in hunting and livestock management and resulting economic losses due to predation)
– others	–	Moderate (avoid humans)	Minor (opportunities for wildlife tourism and recreational activities such as wildlife watching)	Moderate (fear resulting in fewer outdoor activities; more work to care for children, livestock, and animals)
Direct	–	Substantial (sedated, collared, researched, killed)	–	Minor (no attacks on humans, but on companion animals)