Antioxidant activity, total phenolic content and skin care properties of 35 selected plants from Galicia (NW Spain)

Figures & data

Table 1. Geographical distribution of Galician plants studied in this work.

Galician plant	Family	Geographical distribution
Xolantha globulariifolia ^a	Cistaceae	Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula
Euphorbia flavicoma subsp. occidentalis ^b	Euphorbiaceae	North and Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula and Southwest of France
Armeria pubigera ^a	Plumbaginaceae	Northwest coast of the Iberian Peninsula
Erica erigena ^b	Ericaceae	Iberian Peninsula, Ireland, and West of France
Erica mackaiana ^b	Ericaceae	North of the Iberian Peninsula and Ireland
Thymelaea broteriana ^a	Thymelaeaceae	Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula
Pterospartum tridentatum subsp. tridentatum ^a	Leguminosae	Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula
Thymelaea coridifolia subsp. coridifolia ^a	Thymelaeaceae	Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula
Saxifraga spathularis ^b	Saxifragaceae	Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula and Ireland
Carex asturica ^a	Cyperaceae	Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula
Cirsium filipendulum ^b	Compositae	Iberian Peninsula and France
Centaurea ultreiae ^c	Compositae	A Coruña (Galicia, Northwest of Spain)
Armeria transmontana ^a	Plumbaginaceae	Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula
Armeria merinoi ^c	Plumbaginaceae	Center of Galicia (Northwest of Spain)
Centaurea janeri subsp. gallaecica ^c	Compositae	A Coruña (Galicia, Northwest of Spain)
Ulex gallii subsp. breoganii ^b	Leguminosae	Northwest of Spain, Northwest of France, and Southwest of Great Britain
Phalacrocarpum oppositifolium subsp. oppositifolium ^a	Compositae	Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula
Thymus caespititius ^b	Labiatae	Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, Azores, and Madeira
Santolina melidensis ^c	Compositae	Center of Galicia (Northwest of Spain)
Iberis procumbens subsp. microcarpa ^a	Cruciferae	Northwest coast of the Iberian Peninsula
Echinospartum ibericum ^a	Leguminoseae	Northwest and Center of the Iberian Peninsula
Echium rosulatum subsp. rosulatum ^a	Boraginaceae	West of the Iberian Peninsula
Rumex scutatus subsp. gallaecicus ^c	Polygonaceae	A Coruña (Galicia, Northwest of Spain)
Centaurea borjae ^c	Compositae	A Coruña (Galicia, Northwest of Spain)
Alyssum serpyllifolium subsp. lusitanicum ^a	Cruciferae	Galicia (Northwest of Spain) and North of Portugal
Silene littorea subsp. littorea ^b	Caryophyllaceae	Coast of the Iberian Peninsula and Northwest of Morocco
Leucanthemum pluriflorum ^c	Compositae	Galicia (Northwest of Spain)
Adenocarpus lainzii ^a	Leguminosae	North and Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula
Linaria polygalifolia subsp. polygalifolia ^a	Scrophulariaceae	Northwest coast of the Iberian Peninsula
Carex durieui ^a	Cyperaceae	Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula
Koeleria maritima ^a	Gramineae	Northwest of Spain
Linaria triornithophora ^a	Scrophulariaceae	Northwest of the Iberian Peninsula
Linaria polygalifolia subsp. aguillonensis ^c	Scrophulariaceae	Galicia (Northwest of Spain)
Sagina merinoi ^c	Caryophyllaceae	Galicia (Northwest of Spain)
Angelica pachycarpa ^a	Umbelliferae	Northwest coast of the Iberian Peninsula
^aNorthwest of the Iberian Peninsula endemic plant.
^bSubendemic plant.
^cGalician endemic plant.

Table 2. Extraction yield, total phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging, and FRAP activity.^a

Plant extract	Part of the plant	Extraction yield (%)^b	TPC^c	DPPH, PI (%)^d	DPPH,	FRAP^f
Xolantha globulariifolia	Leaves, stems, roots	29	0.516	90	126	2.095
Euphorbia flavicoma subsp. occidentalis	Leaves, stems	40	0.345	81	205	1.977
Armeria pubigera	Leaves	10	0.327	86	239	0.927
Erica erigena	Leaves, flowers	53	0.318	79	239	2.023
Erica mackaiana	Leaves, stems, flowers	32	0.318	72	282	1.327
Thymelaea broteriana	Leaves, stems, flowers	26	0.314	84	244	1.455
Pterospartum tridentatum subsp. tridentatum	Leaves	30	0.292	33	1016	0.828
Pterospartum tridentatum subsp. tridentatum	Flowers	24	0.282	38	704	0.818
Thymelaea coridifolia subsp. coridifolia	Leaves, stems	33	0.220	55	450	1.203
Armeria pubigera	Stems	10	0.210	83	207	1.148
Saxifraga spathularis	Leaves	28	0.205	73	334	1.261
Carex asturica	Leaves	21	0.203	41	613	0.737
Cirsium filipendulum	Leaves	17	0.172	39	687	0.440
Centaurea ultreiae	Leaves	38	0.170	43	647	0.902
Carex asturica	Roots	10	0.165	25		0.438
Armeria transmontana	Leaves	16	0.156	36	736	1.311
Armeria merinoi	Leaves, stems, flowers	10	0.151	29		0.550
Centaurea janeri subsp. gallaecica	Leaves	22	0.149	15		0.434
Ulex gallii subsp. breoganii	Leaves, stems, flowers	18	0.146	16		0.396
Phalacrocarpum oppositifolium subsp. oppositifolium	Leaves	23	0.142	33	882	0.491
Thymus caespititius	Leaves, stems, roots	24	0.139	41	673	0.209
Santolina melidensis	Leaves	28	0.139	26		0.599
Iberis procumbens subsp. microcarpa	Leaves	31	0.137	19		0.304
Echinospartum ibericum	Leaves	24	0.131	10		0.634
Cirsium filipendulum	Flowers	20	0.119	27		0.174
Santolina melidensis	Stems	12	0.100	22		0.515
Echium rosulatum subsp. rosulatum	Leaves	22	0.089	24		0.740
Rumex scutatus subsp. gallaecicus	Leaves, stems, flowers	25	0.086	43	591	0.413
Centaurea borjae	Leaves, flowers	32	0.080	35	675	0.572
Alyssum serpyllifolium subsp. lusitanicum	Leaves	26	0.078	0		0.610
Silene littorea subsp. littorea	Leaves, stems, flowers	17	0.075	22		0.191
Leucanthemum pluriflorum	Flowers	24	0.069	30		0.767
Adenocarpus lainzii	Leaves	30	0.069	9		0.202
Linaria polygalifolia subsp. polygalifolia	Leaves	27	0.067	14		0.103
Carex durieui leaves	Leaves	10	0.067	16		0.385
Phalacrocarpum oppositifolium subsp. oppositifolium	Flowers	20	0.065	34	915	0.578
Leucanthemum pluriflorum	Leaves, stems	27	0.051	27		0.441
Linaria triornithophora	Leaves, stems, flowers	25	0.051	2		0.267
Koeleria maritima	Leaves	23	0.048	5		0.359
Linaria polygalifolia subsp. aguillonensis	Leaves, stems, flowers	25	0.048	4		0.342
Koeleria maritima	Spikes	18	0.047	10		0.398
Sagina merinoi	Leaves	13	0.024	5		0.128
Angelica pachycarpa	Leaves	29	0.000	2		0.377
BHA					240
BHT					2790
^aValues are means of duplicate determination.
^bOn dry weight of extract.
^cValues are expressed as gram of GAE per gram of dry weight of extract.
^dValues are expressed as percentage of inhibition at 500 ppm.
^eValues are expressed as concentration of extract (ppm) that caused a 50% inhibition.
^fValues are expressed as ascorbic acid equivalent (millimoles of ascorbic acid per gram of dry weight of extract).

Table 3. TEAC value equivalent to Trolox, antioxidant potency according to a β-carotene bleaching assay, and reductive Fe(III) to Fe(II) activity.^a

	TEAC (ABTS radical)		β-Carotene	Reducing power
Plant extract	g Trolox/g^b	g Trolox/g GAE^c	AAC^d	AAE^e
Xolantha globulariifolia	2.70	3.90	839	6.69
Armeria pubigera	1.58	3.52	907	5.72
Thymelaea broteriana	1.22	2.94	545	4.93
Pterospartum tridentatum subsp. tridentatum	0.90	2.52	690	2.95
Saxifraga spathularis	0.84	2.68	818	6.05
Erica erigena	1.04	3.27	76	5.44
BHT			73
^aValues are means of duplicate determination.
^bValues are expressed as equivalent to Trolox (gram of Trolox per gram of dry weight of extract).
^cValues are expressed as equivalent to Trolox (gram of Trolox per gram of GAE).
^dValues are expressed as antioxidant activity coefficient (ACC) (1 g/L).
^eValues expressed as ascorbic acid equivalent (millimoles of ascorbic acid per gram of GAE).

Table 4. Stimulation of HSF proliferation measured by Trypan blue exclusion assay.

Percent of viable HSF cells of extracts
Armeria pubigera					Saxifraga spathularis					Erica erigena
C^a	24 h	48 h	72 h	168 h	C^a	24 h	48 h	72 h	168 h	C^a	24 h	48 h	72 h	168 h
160	<0.0%	<0.0%	<0.0%	<0.0%	160	<0.0%	<0.0%	<0.0%	<0.0%	1500	<0.0%	<0.0%	<0.0%	<0.0%
80	<0.0%	<0.0%	<0.0%	<0.0%	80	<0.0%	<0.0%	<0.0%	<0.0%	750	+0.6%	+9.9%	+10.3%	+6.4%
40	<0.0%	+55.4%	+73.9%	+126.9%	40	<0.0%	+55.4%	+73.9%	+126.9%	375	+0.4%	+18.8%	+16.0%	+16.3%
20	<0.0%	+84.8%	+113.0%	+182.1%	20	<0.0%	+84.8%	+113.0%	+182.1%	188	+3.5%	+17.3%	+19.3%	+21.1%
10	<0.0%	+43.9%	+125.2%	+216.0%	10	<0.0%	+43.9%	+125.2%	+216.0%	94	+3.3%	+17.8%	+25.9%	+33.1%
Percent of viable HSF cells of positive control					Percent of viable HSF cells of positive control					% viable HSF cells cells of positive control
	24 h	48 h	72 h	168 h		24 h	48 h	72 h	168 h		24 h	48 h	72 h	168 h
	+13.5%	+104.2%	+121.5%	+134.2%		+11.5%	+45.5%	+74.8%	+151.6%		+13.9%	+34.1%	+49.4%	+103.9%
^aμg/mL.

Table 5. Antiradical activity of Saxifraga spathularis aqueous-glycolic extract against damage in HSF.^a

Percent of antiradical activity
	Positive control	Saxifraga
C (μg/mL)	(vitamin E)	spathularis
3.91	+55%	–
7.81	+46%	–
15.63	+52%	+34
31.25	+48%	+26
62.50	+56%	+11
125.00	+68%	–
250.00	+70%	–
500.00	+103%	–
^aValues are of triplicate determination.

Table 6. UV absorption bands.^a

	λmax
Plant extract	UV–A = 400–315 nm; UV–B = 315–280 nm; UV–C = <280 nm
Xolantha globulariifolia	363 nm; 0.415	260 nm; 1.860	217 nm; 3.517
Euphorbia flavicoma subsp. occidentalis		272 nm; 1.650	210 nm; 3657
Armeria pubigera		270 nm; 0.555	216 nm; 3.718
Erica erigena		267 nm; 0.820	217 nm; 3.572
Erica mackaiana		270 nm; 0.672	217 nm; 3.110
Thymelaea broteriana		274 nm; 0.974	216 nm; 3.597
Pterospartum tridentatum subsp. tridentatum		259 nm; 2.533	206 nm; 3.839
Pterospartum tridentatum subsp. tridentatum		258 nm; 1.661	202 nm; 3.507
Thymelaea coridifolia subsp. coridifolia	329 nm; 0.610	276 nm; 0.734	207 nm; 2.773
Armeria pubigera		270 nm; 0.586 (sh)	214 nm; 2.757
Saxifraga spathularis		279 nm; 0.874	213 nm; 3.414
Carex asturica	322 nm; 0.665	272 nm; 0.758	200 nm; 2.963
Cirsium filipendulum		289 nm; 0.703
Centaurea ultreiae	320 nm; 0.903	273 nm; 1.251	199 nm; 2.505
Carex asturica		282 nm; 1.155	205 nm; 3.693
Armeria transmontana		270 nm; 0.632 (sh)	205 nm; 2.846
Armeria merinoi	329 nm; 0.554	270 nm; 0.699 (sh)	202 nm; 3.006
Centaurea janeri subsp. gallaecica	339 nm; 0.797	253 nm; 0.946
Ulex gallii subsp. breoganii		256 nm; 1.520	200 nm; 3.002
Phalacrocarpum oppositifolium subsp. oppositifolium		289 nm; 0.804
Thymus caespititius		270 nm; 0.933 (sh)
Santolina melidensis		271 nm; 1.016	212 nm; 3.779
Iberis procumbens subsp. microcarpa		270 nm; 0.517 (sh)
Echinospartum ibericum		256 nm; 1.692	199 nm; 2.609
Cirsium filipendulum	328 nm; 0.878	266 nm; 0.865	196 nm; 2.783
Santolina melidensis		270 nm; 0.846 (sh)	201 nm; 3.036
Echium rosulatum subsp. rosulatum		270 nm; 0.628 (sh)	197 nm; 2.386
Rumex scutatus subsp. gallaecicus	333 nm; 0.318	270 nm; 0.457	203 nm; 2.485
Centaurea borjae	333 nm; 0.800	265 nm; 0.837	202 nm; 2.411
Alyssum serpyllifolium subsp. lusitanicum		265 nm; 0.555 (sh)
Silene littorea subsp. littorea	320 nm; 0.621	270 nm; 0.738 (sh)
Leucanthemum pluriflorum	325 nm; 0.729	269 nm; 0.958	204 nm; 2.468
Adenocarpus lainzii		265 nm; 1.107
Linaria polygalifolia subsp. polygalifolia			220 nm; 0.614 (sh)
Carex durieui		270 nm; 0.596
Phalacrocarpum oppositifolium subsp. oppositifolium	324 nm; 0.868	270 nm; 0.872 (sh)	196 nm; 2.865
Leucanthemum pluriflorum	325 nm; 0.458	269 nm; 0.591	199 nm; 2.688
Linaria triornithophora	338 nm; 0.246	270 nm; 0.362 (sh)	196 nm; 2.513
Koeleria maritima	325 nm; 0.306	271 nm; 0.490	202 nm; 2.326
Linaria polygalifolia subsp. aguillonensis	329 nm; 0.349	274 nm; 0.441	198 nm; 2.738
Koeleria maritima		272 nm; 0.578	206 nm; 2.497
Sagina merinoi	322 nm; 0.471
Angelica pachycarpa	318 nm; 0.336	270 nm; 0.405(sh)	201 nm; 2.353
^aValues are means of duplicate determination.

Figure 1. Genistein.