Removal of metallic elements from industrial waste water through biomass and clay

Figures & data

Table 1. Comparison of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models for Ni²⁺ and Cu².

		Langmuir isotherm parameters	Experimental value	Freundlich isotherm parameters
Adsorbent	Metal	qmax	R^2	qmax	K	1/n	R^2
Prunus amygdalus	Ni^2+	1000	0.957	0.7442	2.989	0.334	0.960
	Cu^2+	1000	0.970	0.6941	2.865	0.460	0.967
Arachis hypogea	Ni^2+	1000	0.991	0.7492	2.892	0.368	0.955
	Cu^2+	1000	0.972	0.7092	2.918	0.389	0.961
Arundo donax	Ni^2+	1000	0.998	0.7478	2.937	0.394	0.961
	Cu^2+	1000	0.977	0.6600	2.763	0.307	0.955
Clay G	Ni^2+	1000	0.959	0.7608	2.744	0.366	0.987
	Cu^2+	1000	0.952	0.6914	2.874	0.429	0.963
Clay B	Ni^2+	1000	0.961	0.6248	2.732	0.358	0.960
	Cu^2+	1000	0.960	0.56934	2.073	0.999	0.977

Table 2. Adsorption of Cu²⁺ on chemically modified material.

Components	Cf (mg l^−1)	q (mg g^−1)	%
Unmodified	0.1553	0.124	94.82
Modified	0.754	0.110	97.48
Modified (G)	0.894	0.291	97.02

Note: C_f = final concentration of metal in solution; q = metal ion uptake capacity; G = gel.

Table 3. Adsorption of Ni²⁺ on chemically modified material.

Component	Cf (mg l^−1)	q (mg g^−1)	%
Modified	1.089	0.230	78.22
Modified (G)	1.152	0.274	79.24

Note: C_f = final concentration of metal in solution; q = metal ion uptake capacity; G = gel.

Figure 1. Comparison of all adsorbents at different pH for Ni²⁺.

Figure 2. Comparison of all adsorbents at different pH for Cu²⁺.

Table 4. Adsorption of Cu²⁺ on chemically modified material from peanut shells.

Adsorbent	Cf (mg l^−1)	q (mg g^−1)	%
Ethanol washed	0.6228	0.237	79.24
Mix-washed peanut shell (P)	1.124	0.187	62.53
Water-washed peanut shell (P) absorbed	0.2708	0.272	90.97333
Modified (P)	0.5428	0.245	81.90667
Unmodified (R)	1.0107	0.266	66.31

Note: C_f = final concentration of metal in solution; q = metal ion uptake capacity; P = modified product; R = residue.

Table 5. Adsorption of Ni²⁺ on chemically modified material from peanut shells.

Adsorbent	Cf (mg l^−1)	q (mg g^−1)	%
Reactant (R) absorbed	1.710	0.383	65.80
Modified adsorbed	0.0969	0.490	98.06
Mix-washed peanut shell	.0660	0.434	86.80
(P) absorbed
Ethanol washed	1.0069	0.399	79.86

Note: C_f = final concentration of metal in solution; q = metal ion uptake capacity; P = modified product; R = residue.

Table 6. Synthesis of adsorbents in NaOH/urea aqueous solution.

Adsorbent	Cf (mg l^−1)	q (mg g^−1)	%
Almond shell (P)	0.1752	0.160	94.16
Peanut shell (P)	0.1514	0.232	94.95
Ethanol-washed peanut shell (P)	0.5575	0.244	81.41
Water-washed almond shell (P)	0.7957	0.220	73.47
Acetone-washed peanut shell	0.8264	0.217	72.45

Note: C_f = final concentration of metal in solution; q = metal ion uptake capacity; P = modified product.