Antioxidant activity, antimicrobial and effects in the immune system of plants and fruits extracts

Figures & data

Table 1. Natural and synthetic antioxidant molecules.

Substance	Source
Ascorbic acid	Green vegetables, seeds, grapefruit, kiwi, lemon, asparagus, avocados, beet, broccoli, Brussels, sprouts, cantaloupe, currant, cabbage, mango, fresh, mustard, onion, orange, papaya, parsley, peas, pineapple, radish, spinach, strawberry, tomato, fresh turnip, watercress, chestnut, eggplant, leek, celery, endive, potatoes, garlic and apple.
Tocopherols (α, γ)	Spinach, walnut, peanut, cereals, wheat germ, vegetable oils packaged cold, watercress, parsley and pollen
β-carotene	Fish liver oil, liver, alfalfa, apricots, asparagus, beets, broccoli, cantaloupe, carrots, chard, fresh dandelion, garlic, cabbage, mustard, papaya, parsley, peach, red pepper, sweet potato, spinach, spirulina, pumpkin, turnip, watercress, lettuce, plums, olives, beets, beetroot, tomatoes and almonds
Lycopene	Tomatoes, watermelon, guava
Europeina	Grapes, red wine
Olein	Olive oil
Flavonoids	Alfalfa sprouts, spinach, lemon, onion, chiles (apple, serrano, poblano, jalapeno green tree), nopal, broccoli, guava, strawberry, blackberry, red apple, red grape, orange, black pepper, wine, beer, tea green, black tea, soy. Plants: Cranberry, gingko biloba, milk thistle
17β-estradiol	Hormones, steroids
N-acetyl-cysteine	Chemical synthesis, breakdown product
Pyridoxamine (B6)	Meat, offal, fish, milk, eggs, whole grain cereals, potatoes, sweet potatoes, spinach, green beans, wheat germ, rice husks, avocado, hazelnuts, almonds, peanuts, bananas, brewer's yeast

Table 2. Antioxidant capacity by DPPH method.

Sample radical	Extract	%Uptake of free (F.R.)
Vitamin C (control)
Ascorbic acid	*	92.92
Cinnamom bark
(Cinnamomum zeylanicum) 10%	Ethanol	97.59^a
Lagarto leaf
(Calophyllum brasiliense) 20%	Methanol	99.76^b
Camu-camu, fruit
(Myrciaria dubia) 10%	Methanol	98.09^b
Muña, leaf
(Minthostachys mollis) 10%	Aqueous	92.41^b
Hiporuro, leaf
(Alchornea castaneifolia) 10%	Methanol	75.96^b
Lagarto, leaf
(C. brasiliense) 10%	Aqueous	110.56^c
Yacón, leaf
(Smallanthus sonchifolius) 10%	Ethanol	103.19^d
MACA KOKEN, hypocotyl
(Lepidium peruvianum) 10%	Aqueous	95.55^d
MACA AMAZON, hypocotyl
(Lepidium meyenii) 10%	Methanol	88.21^d

^a1 µg/mL.

^b50 µg/mL.

^c100 µg/ mL.

^d200 µg/ mL.

Table 3. Methods for obtain extracts of plants and for measuring its antimicrobial activity.

Plant	Extraction method	Method for measuring the antimicrobial activity	Microorganisms studied	Reference
Ephedra breana Nolana sedifolia Fabiana imbricata	Maceration complete, methanolic extract, ethanolic fraction	Agar diffusion	Botrytis cinerea	Vio-Michaelis et al. (2012).
Ficus enormis Myracrodruon urundeuva Patagonula americana Piptocarpha rotundifolia Psidium cattleianum Maytenus ilicifolia	Ethanolic extract	Agar dilution method	Fusobacterium nucleatum Porphyromonas gingivalis	Gaetti-Jardim et al. (2011)
Costus speciosus	Extraction with hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol	Disc diffusion method	Bacteria: Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Erwinia sp. Fungi: Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Trichophyton simii, Epidermophyton floccosum, Scopulariopsis sp. Aspergillus niger, B. cinerea, Curvularia lunata, Magnoporthe grisea and Candida albicans	Duraipandiyan et al. (2013)
Virola sebifera	Ethanol maceration	Agar diffusion	S. aureus	Velasco et al. (2005)
Acacia seyal, Combretum hartmannianum, Capparis deciduas, Erythrina latissima, Kigelia africana	Extract with ethanol and dichloromethane	Microdilution assay	B. subtilis, S. aureus, E. coli and K. pneumoniae	Eldeen and Van Staden, (2007)
Cestrum nocturnum	Solvent extraction and fractionation by column chromatography	Agar diffusion	Rhizopus stolonifer	Barrera-Necha and Bautista-Baños, (2008)
Euphorbia caracasana, Euphorbia cotinifolia	Maceration and fractionation with n-hexane and dichloromethane	Agar diffusion	S. aureus ATCC 25923, E. faecalis ATCC 29212, E. coli ATCC 25992, K. pneumoniae ATCC 23357 and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853	Rojas et al. (2008)
Bidens tripartita	Hydrodistillation, maceration and heating. Solvent fractionation	A broth microdilution and agar diffusion	B. subtilis ATCC 6633, Micrococcus luteus ATCC 9391, S. aureus ATCC 6538, E. coli ATCC 25922, E. coli ATCC 35218, K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853, C. albicans ATCC 10231, Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus terreus	Tomczykowa et al. (2008)
Burchellia bubalina	Sequential extraction with petroleum ether, dicrlorometano, ethanol and water.	Agar diffusion	B. subtilis ATCC 6051, S. aureus ATCC 12600, E. coli ATCC 11775, K. pneumoniae ATCC 13883	Amoo et al. (2009)
Solanecio mannii, Monodora myristica, Albizia gummifera, Glyphaea brevis	Extraction with cyclohexane and ethyl acetate.	Agar diffusion and broth dilution.	Gram positive bacteria, Gram negative bacteria, C. albicans, Candida krusei	Mbosso et al. (2010)
Duabanga grandiflora, Acalypha wilkesiana	Maceration	Disk diffusion plate by casting, spreading groove seeding disc, agar dilution and by turbidimetry.	E. coli and S. aureus	Othman et al. (2011)

Table 4. Natural products with potentiating effect of the immune response.

Product	Effect	Reference
Andrographis paniculata	Increases lymphocyte proliferation Increases the production of IL-2 and TNF-	Kumar et al. (2004) Rajagopal et al. (2003)
Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea pallida	Activates macrophages, increases the phagocytosis and the production of cytokine Activates NK cells, improves the humoral response and increases the number of lymphocytes and monocytes	Sharma et al. (2006) Yakoot and Salem (2011)
Ginseng Panax quinquefolius	Activates macrophages, NK cells and lymphocytes and increase the production of cytokines and antibodies	Pannacci et al. (2006) Scaglione et al. (1990)
Piper longum	Increases leukocyte counts Increases the number of plasma cells and the amount of circulating antibodies	Sunila and Kutan (2004) Pradeep and Kuttan (2004)
Tea of eight herbs	Increased production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines	Hong et al. (2005)
Vitamin C	Activates neutrophils, NK cells and monocytes Increases lymphocyte proliferation and chemotaxis.	Wintergerst et al. (2006)

Table 5. Natural product with immunosuppressive effect.

Product	Effect	Reference
Fish oil	Production IL-10, suppression of COX-2, IL-2 and IL-6	Prescott and Stenson (2005) Babcock et al. (2002)
B. pinnatum	Reduces inflammation	Domínguez and Bacallao (2002)
Onion, apple (quercetin)	Inhibits endocytosis and dendritic cell migration Inhibits production of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-12 and ERK phosphorylation	Huang et al. (2010)
Citric fruits (vitamin C)	Treg cell generation. Inhibiting the activation of NF-kB	Tan et al. (2005)
Royal jelly	Inhibition of TNF-α e IL-6	Kohno et al. (2004)
Moringa citrifolia L.	Reduces inflammation	Rodríguez et al. (2005)
P. leiophylla	Reduces inflammation associated with decreased neutrophil migration	Márquez et al. (2008)

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