Residents’ Attitudes towards Tourism, Cost–Benefit Attitudes, and Support for Tourism: A Pre-development Perspective

Figures & data

Figure 1. Conceptual model.

Table 1. Assessment results of the measurement model.

Dimensions	Items*	Loading	S.E.	t	p	Mean	AVE	CR	C.A
Positive attitudes towards tourism (mean: 3.76)	Eco2	0.880	–	–		4.12	0.64	0.96	.95
	Eco3	0.582	0.053	13.311	***	3.71
	Eco4	0.819	0.038	25.506	***	3.92
	Eco6	0.867	0.046	22.685	***	3.87
	Eco7	0.504	0.059	9.965	***	3.12
	Culture1	0.851	0.048	21.810	***	3.79
	Culture2	0.857	0.047	22.158	***	3.81
	Culture3	0.869	0.046	22.799	***	3.82
	Culture4	0.769	0.051	18.076	***	3.62
	Environment3	0.856	0.046	22.102	***	3.82
	Socialpsych1	0.836	0.048	21.065	***	3.78
	Socialpsych3	0.860	0.046	22.307	***	3.86
	Socialpsych4	0.892	0.043	24.171	***	3.97
	Socialpsych5	0.612	0.058	12.788	***	3.41
Negative attitudes towards tourism (mean: 3.59)	Eco8	0.422	–	–	–	3.09	0.52	0.91	,91
	Sos_1	0.689	0.231	7.313	***	3.55
	Sos_2	0.557	0.206	6.689	***	3.30
	Sos_3	0.843	0.246	7.798	***	3.80
	Sos_4	0.763	0.241	7.571	***	3.73
	Sos_5	0.817	0.256	7.729	***	3.83
	Sos_6	0.807	0.253	7.704	***	3.76
	Environment_1	0.689	0.233	7.311	***	3.50
	Environment_2	0.696	0.235	7.338	***	3.45
	Sospsi2	0.839	0.255	7.789	***	3.83
Cost–benefit attitudes (mean: 3.74)	CBA1	0.661	–	–	–	3.59	0.60	0.74	.72
	CBA2	0.870	0.089	13.731	***	3.90
Supporting tourism development (mean: 3.87)	STD1	0.851	–	–	–	3.94	0.68	0.91	.93
	STD2	0.844	0.050	19.741	***	3.87
	STD3	0.723	0.056	15.423	***	3.66
	STD4	0.770	0.055	16.962	***	3.76
	STD5	0.915	0.047	22.882	***	4.12

χ²: 947.122, df: 422, p: 0.000 χ2/df: 2.244–RMSEA: 0.06-AGFI: 0.80-GFI: 0.83-NFI: 0.90-CFI: 0.94.

*See Appendix for the statements.

Table 2. Results of hypothesis testing.

Direct effects	Estimate	Std. Error	t	p	Result
PAT → CBA	0.930	0.107	10.003	***	Accept
NAT → CBA	−0.164	0.035	−4.259	***	Accept
CBA → STD	.842	0.331	2.999	***	Accept
PAT → STD	0.144	0.358	0.546	0.585	Reject
NAT → STD	−0.01	0.060	−0.121	0.904	Reject
Indirect effects	Estimate		Confidence Interval
PAT → CBA → STD	0.783		0.379, 2.446		Accept
NAT → CBA → STD	−0.138		−0.478, −0.054		Accept

χ²/df: 2.3111, RMSEA: 0.063, GFI: 0.831, AGFI: 0.801, IFI: 0.938, CFI: 0.938.

R²: CBA 0.87, STD 0.95.

*p < 0.05.

Figure 2. Structural model assessment.

Table

Dimensions	Items
Positive	eco1	1. If tourism develops, it provides more employment for my province-district.
	eco2	2. If tourism develops, my province-district will attract more investments.
	eco3	3. If tourism develops, it spends more for my province-district.
	eco4	4. If tourism develops, our standard of living rises significantly due to tourism.
	eco_5	5. If tourism develops, prices of goods and services increase. *
	eco_6	6. If tourism develops, it provides economic benefits for local people and small businesses.
	eco_7	7. Tourism revenues are more important than revenues from other sectors.
	culture1	15. If tourism develops, various cultural activities in the region will increase even more.
	culture2	16. If tourism develops, cultural exchange between tourists and local people increases.
	culture3	17. Tourism offers an important opportunity to understand different societies.
	culture4	18. If tourism develops, it has positive effects on our cultural identity.
	environment3	21. If tourism develops, more parks and recreation areas are opened up for local people.
	socialpsych1	22. If tourism develops, prejudices between people decrease.
	socialpsych3	24. If tourism develops, it allows us to see the differences and similarities between cultures.
	socialpsych4	25. If tourism develops, it enables societies to get to know each other.
	socialpsych5	26. If tourism develops, it enables rich-poor communities to understand each other.
Negative	eco_8	8. The development of touristic public spaces is very costly. *
	sos_1	9. If tourism develops, tourists negatively affect our lifestyle. *
	sos_2	10. If tourism develops, it changes our traditional and cultural values. *
	sos_3	11. If tourism develops, locals will suffer from living here. *
	sos_4	12. Investing in tourism causes waste of taxes. *
	sos_5	13. If tourism develops, it causes more violence in the community. *
	sos_6	14. If tourism develops, the crime rate increases in our province-district. *
	environment_1	19. If tourism develops, it causes environmental pollution. *
	environment_2	20. Construction of hotels and other touristic facilities will destroy the natural environment. *
	socialpsych_2	23. If tourism develops, hostility among people increases. *
Cost–Benefit Attitudes	CBA1	27. I think that if tourism develops, the benefits of our province will be more than costs.
	CBA2	28. I think that if tourism develops in my province-district, it will bring more benefits than cost.
	CBA_3	29. If tourism develops in my province and district, I think that the negative effects will be more than the positive effects. *
Supporting tourism development	STD1	30. I strongly support tourism development in my province and district.
	STD2	31. I make suggestions for tourism development in my province and district.
	STD3	32. I actively participate in tourism planning in my province and district.
	STD4	33. I participate in the development of tourism projects in my province and district.
	STD5	34. I want to see many tourists in my province and district.

Notes: Answers 1 – I strongly disagree……. 5 Absolutely I agree; Socialpsych: Social Psychological; Culture: Cultural; Sos: Social; Eco: Economical; CBA: Cost–Benefit Attitude; STD: Supporting Tourism Development; * reverse items.