Youth intimate partner violence: prevalence, characteristics, associated factors and arenas of violence

Figures & data

Table 1. Survey items regarding experiences with IPV

Type of Violence
Psychological violence	Have any of your partners ever …	put you down in nasty ways? shouted at you/screamed in your face/called you names? said negative things about your appearance/body?said negative things about your /friends/family? threatened to hurt you physically?
Psychological violence perpetrated online	Have any of your partners ever …	put you down or sent you nasty messages online or via mobile phone? posted nasty messages about you online that others could see? sent you threatening messages online or by mobile phone? used mobile phones or social networking sites to try to control whom you can be friends with or where you can go? constantly checked up on what you have been doing/who you have been seeing, for example, by sending you messages or checking your social networking page all the time? used mobile phones or social networking sites to stop your friends liking you, for example, pretending to be you and sending nasty messages to your friends?
Physical violence	Have any of your partners ever …	used physical force such as slapping, pushing, hitting or holding you down? used more severe physical force such as punching, strangling, beating you up, hitting you with an object?
Sexual violence	Have any of your partners ever …	pressured you into kissing, intimate touching or something else? physically forced you into kissing, intimate touching or something else? pressured you into having sexual intercourse? physically forced you into having sexual intercourse?
Severe sexual violence	Have any of your partners ever …	pressured you into having sexual intercourse? physically forced you into having sexual intercourse?

Table 2. Victimization Rates Proportion of respondents who report experiences of IPV victimization within each index of violence, presenting experiences in total, as well as isolated and repeated experiences respectively. Sample sizes vary and are accounted for in each column. Numbers are given in percentages and divided by gender. ‘Severe sexual violence’ refers to such experiences within the sexual violence index.

Type of Violence	General Experiences Total (n = 548–680)	Girls (n = 299–357)	Boys (n = 241–318)	Isolated Experiences Total (n = 548–680)	Girls (n = 299–357)	Boys (n = 241–318)	Multiple Experiences Total (n = 548–680)	Girls (n = 299–357)	Boys (n = 241–318)
Psychological Violence Face-to-Face	40.2%	45.5% **	33.6% **	28%	28.5%	27.6%	12.2%	17% ***	6% ***
Psychological Violence Online	49.6%	56.1% ***	41.6% ***	39.1%	42.1%	34.6%	10.5%	14% *	7% *
Physical Violence	16.7%	19.5% *	12.8% *	12.1%	13.5%	9.8%	4.6%	6% *	3% *
Sexual Violence	29%	44.4%***	9.9%***	21.5%	33%***	7.4%***	7.5%	11.4%**	2.5% **
Severe Sexual Violence	18.1%	28.8% ***	4.4%***	12.2%	20%***	2.4%***	5.9%	8.8% **	2% **

*p <.05 **p < 0.01 *** p <.001

Table 3. Proportions of Arenas Where Violence Took Place (n = 241–678).

Type of Violence | Arenas	At the youth’s house	At the partner’s house	At school	At a friend’s house	At a club/pub	Other Arena	Total
Violence Face-to-Face (n = 345)	26,7	36,5	13,6	2,6	7,6	13	100
Sexual Violence (n = 678)	31,3	37,6	5,2	4,6	6,3	15	100
Severe Sexual Violence (n = 241)	33	46	5	2,4	3,7	9,9	100

n = arenas reported where violence took place, answers reported in percentage. ‘Violence Face-to-Face’ refers to Psychological Violence Face-to-Face, and Physical Violence. ‘Severe Sexual Violence’ refers to sexual violence including penetration, n = 241, of which also are included in sexual violence n = 678. ‘Other Arena’ refers to e.g. outside, at a leisure club.

Table 4. Odds ratios for associated background characteristics with experiencing different forms of IPV.

	Psychological Violence Face-to-Face (n = 612)		Psychological Violence Online(n = 609)		Physical Violence (n = 515)		Sexual Violence (n = 503)		Severe Sexual Violence (n = 518)
Background Characteristics	Crude	Adjusted	Crude	Adjusted	Crude	Adjusted	Crude	Adjusted	Crude	Adjusted
Female gender	1.66 (1.22–2.28)***	1.19 (0.76–1.65)	1.77 (1.31–2.40)***	1.49 (1.02–2.16)*	1.64 (1.08–2.50) *	0.99 (0.58–1.68)	6.72 (4.21–10.71)***	5.20 (3.04–8.86)***	7.50 (4.07–13.81)***	5.11 (2.56–10.19)***
Low academic achievements	1.43 (0.90–2.25)	1.36 (0.82–2.27)	1.75 (1.10–2.81)*	1.79 (1.07–2.99)*	1.55 (0.89–2.72)	1.42 (0.77–2.59)	1.30 (0.75–2.26)	1.15 (0.60–2.20)	1.09 (0.57–2.09)	0.94 (0.45–1.98)
Having been bullied	2.02 (1.47–2.80)***	1.77 (1.24–2.53)**	1.74 (1.28–2.38) ***	1.56 (1.11–2.19)**	2.36 (1.51–3.68)***	2.02 (1.23–3.30)**	1.53 (1.05–2.25)*	1.13 (0.73–1.76)	1.99 (1.25–3.14)**	1.43 (0.85–2.39)
Generally having older partners	2.890 (2.08–4.02)***	2.44 (1.64–3.63)***	2.10 (1.51–2.91)***	1.63 (1.10–2.42)*	2.31 (1.52–3.49) ***	1.92 (1.14–3.22)*	3.46 (2.34–5.12)***	1.83 (1.15–2.90)**	3.97 (2.52–6.23)***	2.14 (1.25–3.61)**
Experiencing Domestic Violence	1.76 (1.28–2.43)**	1.35 (0.94–1.93)	1.64 (1.20–2.24)**	1.34 (0.94–1.89)	2.53 (1.62–3.93) ***	2.05 (1.26–3.35)**	2.28 (1.55–3.35)***	1.81 (1.16–2.82)**	2.00 (1.28–3.13)**	1.43 (0.85–2.41)
Living with two parents	0.40 (0.29–0.57)***	0.574 (0.389–0.847)**	0.56 (0.40–0.79)**	0.758 (0.514–1.118)	0.41 (0.27–0.63) ***	0.67 (0.41–1.09)	0.53 (0.36–0.80)**	0.68 (0.41–1.11)	0.48 (0.30–075) **	0.57 (0.33–0.98)*
Foreign background	1.16 (0.76–1.76)	1.11 (0.70–1.76)	1.26 (0.83–1.93)	1.37 (0.87–2.17)	1.06 (0.61–1.84)	0.98 (0.54–1.79)	1.33 (0.80–2.22)	1.39 (0.78–2.48)	0.58 (0.28–1.14)	0.49 (0.23–1.03)

*p <.05 **p < 0.01 *** p <.001