Genetic variation of fruit, seed, and seedling characteristics among 11 populations of white jabon in Indonesia

Figures & data

Table 1. Geographic origin of the investigated populations.

No.	Locations	Abbreviation	Island	Latitude	Longitude	Altitude (masl)
1	Rimbopanti Nature Preserve	RPS	Sumatra	00°19′ S	100°05′ E	294
2	Kampar, Riau	KRS	Sumatra	00°18′ S	100°57′ E	50
3	Ogan Komering Ilir	OKS	Sumatra	03°12′ S	104°51′ E	23
4	Pakenjeng-Garut	PGJ	Java	07°26′ S	107°42′ E	628
5	Nusa Kambangan Nature Preserve	NKJ	Nusa Kambangan	07°43′ S	108°55′ E	40
6	Alas Purwo National Park	APJ	Java	08°38′ S	114°21′ E	33
7	Kapuas Tengah	KTB	Borneo	01°00′ S	114°28′ E	147
8	Batulicin	BLB	Borneo	03°19′ S	115°41′ E	47
9	Pomalaa	PKC	Celebes	04°03′ S	121°39′ E	210
10	Gowa	PGC	Celebes	05°14′ S	119°35′ E	119
11	Batuhijau	BHS	Sumbawa	08°58′ S	116°48′ E	53

Table 2. Variability estimates for fruit, seed, and seedling characteristics.

Parameters	Range	Mean	Critical differences	Coefficient of variance (%)
Fruit diameter (cm)	3.10–6.90	4.70	119.77**	13.58
Fruit weight (g)	18.70–121.70	48.68	77.81**	39.68
Seed length (µm)	217.06–833.18	586.77	4.27**	15.29
Seed width (µm)	110.69–621.36	415.51	4.93**	18.25
Weight of 1000 seed (mg)	32.67–50.00	39.04	40.27**	10.56
Germination capacity (%)	31.00–89.00	89.00	71.07**	29.46
Germination rate (%/d)	2.79–8.70	8.70	61.40**	32.63
Mean germination time (d)	11.83–13.96	13.96	3.22*	3.28
Hypocotyle length (mm)	3.67–9.63	6.32	7.13**	21.80
Radicle length (mm)	12.46–30.64	21.92	2.10*	22.04
Vigor index	7.31–30.52	16.39	13.80**	36.47
Seedling height (cm)	12.10–55.50	35.03	524.21**	32.01
Root collar diameter (mm)	2.00–9.70	4.80	45.57**	23.07
Sturdiness index	2.30–15.00	7.39	122.81**	31.90
Number of seedling leaves	4.00–14.00	7.58	34.20**	20.64
Seedling leaf length (cm)	4.80–26.10	13.93	36.91**	23.61
Seedling leaf width (cm)	2.60–14.50	7.63	33.21**	26.53
Stomatal density (number/mm^2)	254.78–589.87	426.32	8.13**	16.65
Chlorophyll a (mg/g)	0.55–1.66	1.18	5.15**	22.68
Chlorophyll b (mg/g)	0.22–0.77	0.50	6.34**	23.99
Aboveground biomass (g)	0.32–6.15	2.01	3.19**	48.10
Belowground biomass (g)	0.14–1.67	0.58	2.95**	55.24
Shoot–root ratio	1.20–7.14	3.67	3.07**	33.94
Total biomass (g)	0.50–7.50	7.50	6.44**	47.90

Notes: *Significant at P < 0.05; **Significant at P > 0.01.

Table 3. Variances and coefficient of variability for fruit, seed, and seedling characteristics.

Parameters	Vp	Vg	Ve	GCV	PCV	ECV	h^2B	GG (%)
Fruit diameter (cm)	0.200	0.198	0.002	9.47	9.53	1.01	0.98	19.41
Fruit weight (g)	214.873	213.079	1.794	29.98	30.11	1.33	0.99	61.51
Seed length (µm)	1043.194	799.055	244.139	4.81	5.50	2.66	0.76	8.68
Seed width (µm)	844.364	673.117	171.240	6.24	6.99	3.14	0.79	11.48
Weight of 1000 seed (mg)	16.900	16.481	0.419	10.39	10.53	0.64	0.97	21.15
Germination capacity (%)	282.522	278.548	3.974	18.75	18.88	2.24	0.98	38.35
Germination rate (%/d)	2.955	2.907	0.048	19.60	19.76	2.52	0.98	40.04
Mean germination time (d)	0.068	0.047	0.021	1.56	1.87	1.04	0.68	2.66
Hypocotyle length (mm)	1.359	1.169	0.190	17.10	18.45	6.90	0.85	32.68
Radicle length (mm)	9.683	5.079	4.603	10.28	14.19	9.78	0.52	15.34
Vigor index	29.920	27.753	2.166	32.14	33.37	8.98	0.92	63.77
Seedling height (cm)	716.347	714.980	1.366	76.33	76.40	3.33	0.99	157.09
Root collar diameter (mm)	3.023	2.957	0.066	35.60	36.00	5.33	0.97	72.53
Sturdiness index	22.294	22.112	0.181	63.63	63.89	5.76	0.99	130.54
Number of seedling leaves	4.921	4.777	0.143	28.83	29.26	5.00	0.97	58.52
Seedling leaf length (cm)	22.757	22.141	0.616	33.77	34.24	5.63	0.97	68.63
Seedling leaf width (cm)	7.977	7.736	0.240	36.45	37.01	6.42	0.96	73.95
Stomatal density (number/mm^2)	3256.232	2858.637	400.594	12.54	13.08	4.69	0.87	24.19
Chlorophyll a (mg/g)	0.054	0.043	0.010	17.68	19.69	8.67	0.80	32.70
Chlorophyll b (mg/g)	0.011	0.009	0.001	19.78	21.55	8.55	0.84	37.39
Aboveground biomass (g)	0.827	0.568	0.259	37.50	45.26	25.30	0.68	64.01
Belowground biomass (g)	0.085	0.056	0.028	41.06	50.48	29.30	0.66	68.81
Shoot–root ratio	2.036	1.720	0.316	35.74	38.88	15.30	0.84	67.67
Total biomass (g)	1.329	0.897	0.432	12.62	15.37	8.76	0.67	21.37

Note: Vp, phenotypic variance; Vg, genotypic variance; Ve, environment variance; GCV, genotypic coefficient of variance; PCV, phenotypic coefficient of variance; ECV, environment coefficient of variance; h2B, broad sense heritability; GG, genetic gain.

Table 4. Simple correlation between fruit, seed, and seedling characteristics studied and geo-climatic factors.

Parameters	Latitude	Longitude	Altitude	Rainfall
Fruit weight (g)	0.304	0.401	0.137	–0.498
Seed length (µm)	0.268	0.432	0.142	–0.503
Seed width (µm)	0.553	0.646*	–0.195	–0.280
Weight of 1000 seed (mg)	0.615*	0.178	–0.523	–0.295
Germination capacity (%)	0.318	0.277	-0.012	–0.315
Germination rate (%/d)	–0.226	0.491	–0.045	–0.176
Mean germination time (d)	–0.106	0.458	0.013	–0.151
Hypocotyle length (mm)	–0.533	–0.473	0.044	0.313
Radicle length (mm)	0.546	0.412	0.394	–0.374
Vigor index	0.585	0.446	0.098	–0.302
Seedling height (cm)	0.056	0.638*	0.032	–0.266
Root collar diameter (mm)	0.433	0.131	0.100	–0.480
Sturdiness index	–0.010	–0.383	–0.059	0.015
Number of seedling leaves	0.563	0.311	0.177	–0.592
Seedling leaf length (cm)	0.368	0.388	0.073	–0.446
Seedling leaf width (cm)	0.022	–0.291	–0.080	–0.030
Stomatal density (number/mm^2)	–0.114	–0.327	–0.124	0.014
Chlorophyll a (mg/g)	0.586	0.478	0.122	–0.398
Chlorophyll b (mg/g)	0.336	–0.151	–0.145	–0.292
Aboveground biomass (g)	0.264	–0.258	–0.139	–0.130
Belowground biomass (g)	0.327	0.146	0.214	–0.338
Shoot–root ratio	–0.130	–0.026	0.066	0.087
Total biomass (g)	0.690*	0.280	0.051	–0.507
Fruit weight (g)	–0.108	0.370	0.282	–0.431

Note: *Significant at P < 0.05; **Significant at P > 0.01.

Figure 1. Principal component analysis biplot graphical and hierarchical cluster displays of white jabon populations based on fruit, seed, and seedling morphophysiological characteristics.

Table

			Populations
Parameters			RPS	KRS	OKS	GSJ	NKJ	APJ	KTB	BLB	PGC	PKC	BHS
Soil characteristics:
-	pH H2O		5.1	4.4	4.7	5.1	6.7	6.0	4.4	4.6	5.5	6.1	6.4
-	C organic (%)		1.87	1.10	2.82	2.25	4.95	3.16	4.75	6.70	2.12	4.60	1.64
-	N total (%)		0.20	0.13	0.35	0.31	0.47	0.18	0.36	0.57	0.25	0.38	0.17
-	Ratio C/N		9.4	8.5	8.1	7.3	10.5	17.6	13.2	11.8	8.5	12.1	9.6
-	P (ppm)		15.18	5.47	6.86	2.47	10.94	334.18	6.44	10.55	46.84	15.82	90.28
-	Ca (cmol/kg)		7.03	1.76	13.16	9.26	29.65	20.15	2.09	28.83	17.24	10.33	13.78
-	Mg (cmol/kg)		3.29	1.20	5.20	6.26	8.37	11.41	0.57	6.33	8.55	6.42	5.86
-	K (cmol/kg)		2.10	0.15	2.44	0.98	1.46	4.00	2.35	1.51	3.42	1.58	2.78
-	Na (cmol/kg)		0.28	4.79	0.40	0.27	1.98	2.06	0.37	0.28	0.36	0.32	0.37
-	Cation exchange capacity (cmol/kg)		6.84	13.25	23.59	19.16	49.33	37.98	16.27	28.21	34.42	9.35	13.09
-	Base saturation (%)		100.00	59.60	90.00	88.00	84.00	99.00	33.10	100.00	86.00	100.00	100.00
-	Al^3− (me/100g)		0.11	5.15	0.10	3.52	0.00	0.11	1.46	1.00	0.12	0.00	0.11
-	H^+ (me/100g)		0.05	0.09	0.04	0.06	0.00	0.04	2.70	0.00	0.05	0.14	0.04
Texture:
-		Sand (%)	78.4	15.6	14.4	26.2	3.8	19.0	5.2	6.2	51.5	70.7	52.4
-		Dust (%)	6.2	30.0	33.5	21.6	18.4	20.8	47.5	46.8	24.0	14.8	27.2
-		Clay (%)	15.4	54.4	52.1	52.2	77.8	60.2	47.3	47.0	24.5	14.4	20.4

Note: See Table 1 for explanation of populations.