Utilization of woody pruning residues of apple trees

Figures & data

Figure 1. Study sites in Damavand city located in Tehran province.

Figure 2. Woody pruning residues of apple trees and processing with chipper KOREN K 17000.

Table 1. Technical description of KOREN K 17000.

Model	Engine	Engine power	System dimensions	Chip capability	Chips Dimensions
KOREN K 17000	Honda petrol	13 horsepower	2*1*1.5 m	Up to 10 cm	1*1*3 cm

Table 2. Distribution of cycle time and delays in two work methods (Per ton of produced chips).

Elements of each cycle	LCM		FCM
	(min.)	(%)	(min.)	(%)
Empty travel	—	—	25.00	10.10
Establishment	—	—	11.20	4.53
Collect the residues	56.00	30.04	40.70	16.44
Chipping	74.40	39.91	92.10	37.21
Packing	21.40	11.48	34.80	14.06
loading	5.70	3.06	11.50	4.65
Transport to the factory	18.00	9.66	18.00	7.27
Mechanical delay	10.90	5.85	14.20	5.74
Cycle time without delays	186.40	100.00	247.50	100.00
Delays
Mechanical delay	10.90	53.69	14.20	47.33
Personal delay	4.40	21.67	4.20	14.00
Organizational delay	5.00	24.63	11.60	38.67
Delays time	20.30	100.00	30.00	100.00

Table 3. Production and cost of utilizing woody pruning residues of apple trees.

Production and cost	Unit	LCM	FCM
Residue yield	t ha^−1	1.80–2.00	1.80–2.00
Production rate (with delay)	t h^−1	0.15	0.12
Production rate (without delay)	t h^−1	0.16	0.13
Purchase price	US$	700.00	700.00
Economic life	Year	10.00	10.00
Annual use	SMH year^−1	1600.00	1600.00
Fixed cost
Depreciation	US$	73.85	73.85
Interest on capital	%	12.49	12.49
Insurance	US$	8.63	8.63
Total fixed cost	US$ PMH^−1	0.06	0.06
Total fixed cost	US$ SMH^−1	0.05	0.05
Variable cost
Fuel, Oils and lubrication	US$ h^−1	0.08	0.08
Repair and maintenance	US$ h^−1	0.04	0.04
Tires and blade	US$ h^−1	0.02	0.02
Total variable Cost	US$ h^−1	0.14	0.14
Machine rate	US$ h^−1	0.21	0.21
Labor cost	US$ h^−1	1.07	1.00
Tractor hire	US$ h^−1	—	0.57
Operation cost	US$ h^−1	1.28	1.78
Production Cost (with delay)	US$ t^−1	8.40	14.32
Production Cost (without delay)	US$ t^−1	8.00	13.46
Total cost
Transport with pickup truck	US$ t^−1	14.00	19.46
Transport with truck	US$ t^−1	10.18	15.65
Transport with trailer	US$ t^−1	10.50	15.96
Income	US$ t^−1	35.00	35.00
Profit rate
Transport with pickup truck	US$ t^−1	21.00	15.53
Transport with truck	US$ t^−1	24.81	19.34
Transport with trailer	US$ t^−1	24.50	19.03

h: hour; PMH: profit machine hours; SMH: scheduled machine hours; t: tone.

Table 4. Descriptive statistics of the independent variables of regression model for the prediction of chipping time in Landing Chipping Method (LCM).

Independent variables	N	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Std. Deviation	Skewness	Kurtosis
Distance between orchards (m)	60	0.00	1500.00	556.66	3.25	0.55	−0.98
Orchard area (ha)	60	0.50	2.00	0.87	0.49	1.53	0.76
Residues density (m^3/ha)	60	2.00	7.00	4.45	1.47	0.24	−0.38
Distance between trees (m)	60	3.00	4.00	3.71	0.45	−0.98	−1.06
Diameter (cm)	60	12.00	42.00	23.41	7.58	0.45	−0.55
Age (year)	60	8.00	20.00	13.31	4.02	0.52	−0.88

Table 5. Descriptive statistics of the independent variables of regression model for the prediction of chipping time in Farm Chipping Method (FCM).

Independent variables	N	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	Std. Deviation	Skewness	Kurtosis
Distance between gardens (m)	60	0.00	1500.00	636.66	1.69	0.33	−1.07
Orchard area (ha)	60	0.50	2.00	1.02	0.55	0.55	−1.33
Functional area (m^2)	60	40.00	200.00	95.83	1.75	1.01	0.17
Residues density (m^3/ha)	60	2.00	7.00	5.05	1.60	−0.41	−0.77
Distance between trees (m)	60	3.00	4.00	3.43	0.49	0.27	−1.99
Diameter (cm)	60	8.00	45.00	20.93	1.27	0.66	−0.96
Age (year)	60	8.00	20.00	14.85	4.66	−0.16	−1.49

Table 6. Processing time equations for LCM and FCM methods.

Methods	Equations	Standardized coefficients (beta)	Sig.	R^2
LCM method	Processing time (min)			0.77
	= 0.73 diameter of trees (cm)	0.72	0.000
	+ 0.48 age of trees (year)	0.25	0.001
FCM method	Processing time (min)			0.64
	= −27.41		0.009
	+ 0.35 diameter of trees (cm)	0.25	0.005
	+ 2.51 age of trees (year)	0.76	0.000
	+ 3.30 residue density (m^3/ha)	0.34	0.004
	+ 0.72 functional area (m^2)	0.19	0.022

Table 7. Paired samples statistics, normality test, and results of the paired t-test.

Statistics	Method	Mean	N	Kolmogorov–Smirnov test		Paired t-test
				Z	Sig.	t	Sig.
Time with delay (min)	LCM	31.06	60	0.54	0.64	–2.23	0.02
Mechanical delay(min)	FCM	41.25	60	0.36	0.09	–0.49	0.62
	LCM	1.81	60	0.64	0.92
Personal delay(min)	FCM	2.36	60	0.59	0.85	0.08	0.93
	LCM	0.73	60	0.51	0.73
Organizational delay (min)	FCM	0.70	60	0.66	0.96	–1.51	0.02
	LCM	0.83	60	0.43	0.29
Time without delay (min)	FCM	1.93	60	0.59	0.33	–2.64	0.01
	LCM	32.63	60	0.70	0.47
Production with delay (kg/min)	FCM	43.88	60	0.65	0.31	5.97	0.00
	LCM	4.23	60	0.29	0.09
	FCM	2.32	60	0.45	0.12
Production without delay (kg/min)						6.05	0.00
	LCM	4.56	60	0.21	0.08
	FCM	2.47	60	0.26	0.26