Smart agroforestry for sustaining soil fertility and community livelihood

Figures & data

Figure 1. Nutrient pumping and cycling in agroforestry system (Adapted from: Fahad et al., 2022).

Figure 2. Agroforestry influences on soil fertility, growth and productivity of the plant and land sustainability

Table 1. Soil chemical fertility improvement due to agroforestry practices (in %).

Soil chemical fertility improvement (%)
N	P	K	SOM/SOC	pH	Locations	References
117.9	327.1	240.8	156.9	3.15	Garut, West Java, Indonesia	Gunawan et al., 2019
–	–	–	88.8	4.8	Kuningan, West Java, Indonesia	Purnama et al, 2022
138.1	–	–	133	4.7	Malang, East Java, Indonesia	Khalif et al., 2014
14.3	0	–	26.3	−1.2	South of France	D’Hervilly et al., 2021
−7.7	60.0	7.6	6.9	−6.4	Dang, Nepal	Panday et al., 2019
46	11	–	21	2	Humid & sub humid tropic	Muchane et al., 2020
14			6.5	5.2	Narsingdi, Bangladesh	Riyadh et al., 2018
−4.8	401.1	−18.75	–	4.3	Peatland, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia	Agus et al., 2020
52.5	64.1	–	20	–	Tanzania	Vyamana et al., 2021
−6.9	113.6	279.7	11.5	17.5	Gedeo, Southeastern Ethiopia	Dori et al., 2022
48.1	119.5	158.3	7.8	6.4	Sahelian Niger	Diallo et al., 2019
18.6	16.3	6.1	30.1	15	Deli Serdang, North Sumatra, Indonesia	Rizwan et al., 2020
231	39.3	−16.7	286	2.5	Bogor, West Java, Indonesia	Parjono et al., 2021
–	–	–	128	–	Pangalengan, West Java, Indonesia	Aji et al., 2021

Table 2. The value of Land Equivalent Ratio on several agroforestry patterns.

Crop Combination	Country	LER Value	Reference
Tectona grandis+Xanthosoma sagittifolium	Indonesia	1.61-1.85	Winara et al., 2022
T.grandis+Maranta arundinacea / T.grandis+Canna edulis / T.grandis+Dioscorea esculenta	Indonesia	1.65, 2.65, 1.27	Maharani et al., 2022
Zizyphus jujuba+Gossypium hirsutum	China	1.565-1.527	Wang et al., 2022
Citrus sinensis+Brassica oleracea/Pisum sativum+ Zingiber officinale+Curcuma longa	Bangladesh	2.01	Das et al., 2020
Talun (forest garden) dominated by bamboo and Fatsia japonica/mixed garden dominated by Carica papaya, Mangifera indica, Nephelium lappaceum / home garden dominated by ornamental trees	Indonesia	1.40, 1.81, 0.96	Prastiyo et al., 2018, 2020
Alley cropping of hybrid poplars+Triticum aestivum (1^strotation)+Hordeum vulgare (2^nd rotation)	Germany	2.0–2.9	Seserman et al., 2018
Acacia auriculiformis+ Zea mays (2^nd & 3^rd rotation) A. auriculiformis+Glycine max (1^st, 2^nd, 3^rd rotation)	Indonesia	1.71, 1.36 2.22, 1.99, 1.36	Figyantika et al., 2020
T. grandis+Arachis hypogaea+Z. mays	Indonesia	1.2-1.36	Karimuna et al., 2022
Dimocarpus longan + Z. mays + Panicum maximum	Northwest Vietnam	1.1-1.9	Do et al., 2020
Melaleuca leucadendra+Zea mays + Glycine max	Indonesia	1.49-1.77	Elonard & Lusianingsih, 2018
Dyera polyphylla+Elaeis quineensis	Indonesia	1.4	Nasamsir & Usman, 2019
Trees (willow, alder, hazelnut, beech, apple, olive)	Denmark, U.K, Poland, Romania	1.36-2.00	Lehman et al., 2020

Table 3. Descriptions of various patterns of agroforestry development on dry land in Indonesia

	Species Composition
Location (Source)	Forest Tree	Estate Crop	Fruit Tree	Food Crop	CTI (%)
Wan Abdul Rachman Grand Forest Park, Lampung Province (Murniati et al., 2022b)	Swietenia mahagoni, Litsea spp, Dalbergia latifolia, Aleurites moluccana	Theobroma cacao, Syzygium aromaticum, Hevea brasiliensis, Ceiba pentandra, Areca catechu	Durio zibethinus, Parkia speciosa, Archidendron pauciflorum, Artocarpus heterophyllus	Vanilla planivolia, Colocasia esculenta, Zingiber officinale, Piper retrofractum	75.63
Paru Village Forest, West Sumatra Province (Yeny et al., 2021)	Calamus spp, Cinnamomum verum	T. cacao, H. brasiliensis	P. speciosa, A. catechu, Lansium domesticum, Mangifera indica, Artocapus integer, Citrus spp. , D. zibethinus, Garcinia mangostana	–	25-50
Community-owned land in South Sulawesi (Jumiyati et al., 2018)	Palaquium spp, Heritiera javanica	T. cacao	–	–	46.7
Karang Siri Village, Soe Sub District, East Nusa Tenggara (Liwu et al., 2021)	Gmelina arborea, S. mahagoni, Senna siamea	–	Musa paradisiaca, Cocos nucifera, Carica papaya, Syzygium malaccense	Zea mays, Capsicum frutescens, Manihot utilissima	31.31
Lampung (Kholifah et al., 2017)	–	H. brasiliensis, Cofea robusta	D. zibethinus	Vegetables	98.47
South Kalimantan (Syamsudin et al., 2020)	–	H. brasiliensis	L. domesticum, A. heterophyllus	–	77
South Sulawesi (Zaman et al., 2020)	–	Z. aromaticum, Piper nigrum, Myristica fragrans	Nephelium lappaceum, D. zibethinus, L. domesticum	Z. officinale, C. esculenta, Capsicum sp	78.69
Maluku (Latue et al., 2018)	–	T. cacao, Z. aromaticum	Salacca zalacca, M. paradisiaca, D. zibethinus,	Manihot esculenta, Z. mays, C. esculenta , Cucurbita moschata	97.02
West Nusa Tenggara (Iqbal et al., 2021)	–	–	D. zibethinus, N. lappaceum	Arachis hypogaea, Z. mays,	88.31
East Nusa Tenggara (Agu & Neonbeni, 2019)	Eucaliptus pellita, S. mahogany, T. indica, Casuarina junghuhniana , Hibiscus macrophylus, Santalum album	C. robusta, A. catechu, Piper betle	M. paradisiaca, Anacardium occidentale	Oryza sativa, Amorphophallus muelleri, C. esculenta, C. moschata, M. esculenta, Cucumis sativus, Z. mays, Ipomea batatas, Arachis hypogaea	59-67

Note: CTI = Contribution to farmers’ total income.

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