The impact of Russian soft power in Kazakhstan: creating an enabling environment for cooperation between Nur-Sultan and Moscow

Figures & data

Table 1. Clustered average Russian soft power – cultural strands, by city.

City	n	Low	Medium	High
		%	%	%
Nur-Sultan	199	14.6	42.7	42.7
Almaty	230	10	20.4	69.6
Kostanai	203	4.4	18.7	76.8
Total	632	9.7	26.9	63.4

Table 2. Clustered average Russian soft power – values strands, by city.

City	n	Low	Medium	High
		%	%	%
Nur-Sultan	194	12.4	51.5	36.1
Almaty	215	8.8	54.4	36.7
Kostanai	203	6.7	46.4	46.9
Total	632	9.3	50.9	39.8

Table 3. Clustered average Russian soft power – foreign policy strands, by city.

City	n	Low	Medium	High
		%	%	%
Nur-Sultan	179	18.4	57.5	24
Almaty	185	10.3	48.6	41.1
Kostanai	182	8.2	42.9	48.9
Total	546	12.3	49.6	38.1

Table 4. Clustered average Russian soft power – socio-economic attraction strands, by city.

City	n	Low	Medium	High
		%	%	%
Nur-Sultan	168	64.9	27.4	7.7
Almaty	173	42.8	32.4	24.9
Kostanai	178	28.1	44.9	27.0
Total	519	44.9	35.1	20.0

Table 5. Kazakhstani students studying abroad, by year (selected)⁹

Year		2000	2005	2011	2015	2019
Total Kazakhstani HE students studying abroad		17,214	28,009	39,734	78,035	88,105
Of which, studying in Russia	n	15,300	20,780	29,865	59,295	71,368
	%	89%	74%	75%	76%	81%
					.

Table 6. Language of foreign TV and radio registered in Kazakhstan, 5 May 2022.

Language	Russian	Russian & English	English	Multiple languages (3+)	Turkish	French	Other	Total
n	159	69	21	7	4	3	11	274
%	58%	25%	8%	3%	1%	1%	4%

Table 7. Distribution of foreign registered TV and radio channels in Kazakhstan by city of legal address, including companies owning multiple channels.

Place of legal address	Moscow	Elsewhere in Russia	USA	UK	Paris	Tallinn	Turkey	Other European	Other
Number of channels based there	170	23	19	17	14	13	6	3	2
Names of companies owning multiple channels in that place (number of channels)	First Channel (x11)	First TVCh in St Petersburg (x10)	Bloomberg	Disney	Eurosport SAS	Central Media Distribution	Turkish State TV & Radio Company (x5)
	Red Media (x 22)		MTV	FOX	THEMA
	All Russian State TV and Radio (x 3)			BBC World
	Discovery Europe (x 10)
	Signal (x13)
	VIASAT (x 20)
	MediaMart (x11)
	STRIM (x 12)

Source: Register of foreign TV and radio channels, Ministry of Information and Social Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan (standing as of 5 May 2022) https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/qogam/documents/details/42554?lang=en [accessed 10 May 2022]

Table 8. Official figures on migration to the Russian Federation, selectedyears²².

	1997	2000	2005	2010	2015	2019	2020
Arrivals in the RF	597,651	359,330	177,230	191,656	598,617	701,234	594,146
Of those, from CIS countries	547,386	326,561	163,101	171,940	536,157	617,997	535,923
From Kazakhstan	235,903	124,903	51,945	27,862	65,750	86,311	64,493
From Ukraine	138,231	74,748	30,760	27,508	194,180	161,351	143,987