The ABC of resistance: towards a new analytical framework

Figures & data

Table 1. A tentative categorization of different resistance practices and examples of some authors mentioned in this article who develop these practices³.

Resistance (infra or public)	Individual	Collective
(A) Avoidance	Everyday resistance, hidden transcripts (e.g., J.C. Scott)	Exilic resistance of communities (e.g., A. Grubacic and D. O’Hearn) Digital resistance (e.g., R.M. Stallman) Accumulated effects of ‘quiet encroachment’, and activations of ‘passive networks’ (e.g., A. Bayat)
(B) Breaking	Individual courage, as e.g., conscious objection of military conscription (e.g., G. Sharp)	Social movement activism (C. Tilly, S. Tarrow, D. McAdam) Mass participation of civil resistance (e.g., E. Chenoweth)
(C) Constructive	Discursive identity work (e.g., M. Lilja)	Nonviolent construction within social movements (e.g., S. Vinthagen)