Intergenerational co-residence and young couple’s time use in China

Figures & data

Table 1. Weighted sample descriptive statistics.

	Urban couples		Rural couples
Nuclear households	76.3%		71.3%
With own or spouse’s parents who are all under the age of 75	9.2%		20.3%
With own or spouse’s parents aged 75 or over^a	14.5%		8.4%
No children under the age of 19 in the household	41.4%		50.1%
Number of couples	5,191		4,168
	Urban wives	Urban husbands	Rural wives	Rural husbands
In paid labor/income generating activities	73.0%	88.9%	92.8%	97.4%
Weekly hours
Paid work time	24.8	33.6	41.0	54.2
Housework and adult care time	17.0	6.1	19.8	4.1
Childcare time	3.7	1.6	3.6	0.7
Age	39.2	41.5	39.6	41.3
Education
Lower than secondary level	38.2%	30.0%	91.4%	77.9%
Secondary level	42.2%	38.0%	7.8%	20.1%
Above secondary level	19.6%	32.0%	1.2%	2.0%

Note. ^aCTUS cannot identify whether those having spent time with elderly are their parents or not, but most likely, these elderlies are the couple’s parents.

Table 2. Means and standard deviations of the weekly paid work hours, housework and adult care hours, and childcare hours across household types, gender, and rural urban samples.

Household type	Urban women	Urban men	Rural women	Rural men
Weekly paid work hours
Nuclear
Mean	28.1	36.7	43.2	56.3
SD	20.4	19.2	25.1	21.7
<75
Mean	29.0	38.6	41.3	55.2
SD	21.7	18.8	26.1	20.6
≥75
Mean	26.5	33.9	39.8	53.3
SD	21.2	19.5	25.2	22.0
Weekly housework and adult care hours
Nuclear
Mean	17.3	6.1	20.6	4.2
SD	10.6	7.6	11.8	7.2
<75
Mean	12.7	3.7	16.2	2.9
SD	12.0	6.6	12.3	6.5
≥75
Mean	18.2	7.1	21.9	4.2
SD	11.1	8.0	12.7	7.3
Weekly childcare hours
Nuclear
Mean	3.4	1.7	2.7	0.7
SD	6.9	4.0	9.1	3.1
<75
Mean	7.5	2.3	7.2	1.0
SD	12.7	5.1	14.9	2.7
≥75
Mean	3.2	1.8	2.3	0.9
SD	6.8	4.6	7.2	3.1

Data source: Chinese Time Use Survey 2008.

Sample: Married couples with a wife who is between 19 and 50-years-old.

Figure 1. Estimated coefficient of living with parents vs. not living with parents on weekly hours in paid work, housework, and childcare in urban areas.

Figure 2. Estimated coefficient of living with parents vs. not living with parents on weekly hours in paid work, housework, and childcare in rural areas.

Table 3. SUR model predicting weekly hours in 2008, Urban sample.

	Urban wives			Urban husbands
	Paid work	Housework	Childcare	Paid work	Housework	Childcare
Household type (ref.: nuclear)
Parent <75 years	0.54 (1.10)	−2.24*** (0.54)	1.05** (0.34)	0.28 (1.06)	−2.23*** (0.40)	−0.01 (0.20)
Parent ≥75 years	−1.25 (0.85)	0.54 (0.41)	−0.32 (0.26)	−1.72* (0.82)	0.87** (0.31)	0.07 (0.15)
Education (ref.: <secondary)
Secondary	2.68*** (0.73)	−2.10*** (0.36)	−0.23 (0.22)	−1.86** (0.71)	0.28 (0.26)	−0.12 (0.13)
>Secondary	7.07*** (1.00)	−4.70*** (0.49)	0.09 (0.30)	−2.19* (0.97)	0.70 (0.36)	−0.07 (0.18)
Spouse = secondary	0.41 (0.77)	−0.70 (0.38)	−0.11 (0.24)	0.55 (0.75)	−0.24 (0.28)	−0.01 (0.14)
Spouse > secondary	−0.41 (0.91)	−0.63 (0.45)	−0.19 (0.28)	0.12 (0.89)	−0.76* (0.33)	0.58*** (0.16)
Age/10	34.39*** (4.89)	2.68 (2.41)	−11.15*** (1.49)	19.68*** (3.51)	−3.39* (1.32)	−1.25 (0.65)
Age*Age/100	−4.96*** (0.64)	0.08 (0.32)	1.25*** (0.20)	−2.81*** (0.42)	0.57*** (0.16)	0.09 (0.08)
Child age (ref.: 0–6)
Child aged 7–14 years	1.92* (0.96)	0.94* (0.47)	−3.51*** (0.29)	−1.03 (0.92)	0.43 (0.34)	−0.83*** (0.17)
Child >14 years	5.23*** (1.08)	0.84 (0.53)	−7.53*** (0.33)	−0.33 (1.04)	0.32 (0.39)	−2.62*** (0.19)
No child in household	5.04*** (0.93)	−1.07* (0.46)	−9.41*** (0.28)	0.56 (0.89)	−0.24 (0.33)	−3.57*** (0.16)
Constant	−33.54*** (9.59)	6.72 (4.73)	34.68*** (2.93)	8.03 (7.83)	10.54*** (2.93)	7.97*** (1.44)
Town-fixed-effect	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
R2	0.086	0.151	0.340	0.089	0.079	0.200
Breusch–Pagan chi-squared	2004.542
Number of individuals	5,191

Standard errors are given in parentheses.

Source: Chinese Time Use Survey 2008.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Table 4. SUR model predicting weekly hours in 2008, Rural sample.

	Rural wives			Rural husbands
	Paid work	Housework	Childcare	Paid work	Housework	Childcare
Household type (ref.: nuclear)
Parent <75 years	2.09 (1.12)	−3.29*** (0.54)	0.30 (0.45)	−0.09 (1.05)	−1.37*** (0.35)	−0.33* (0.13)
Parent ≥75 years	−3.18* (1.29)	1.77** (0.63)	−1.21* (0.52)	−2.28 (1.22)	0.21 (0.41)	−0.01 (0.15)
Education (ref.: <secondary)
Secondary	−0.40 (1.41)	−0.21 (0.68)	−0.18 (0.57)	−0.73 (1.33)	0.55 (0.45)	−0.00 (0.17)
>Secondary	−3.39 (3.45)	−3.88* (1.67)	−0.70 (1.39)	−3.17 (3.27)	0.67 (1.09)	0.16 (0.41)
Spouse = secondary	1.08 (0.92)	−0.74 (0.44)	0.01 (0.37)	−3.30*** (0.87)	0.64* (0.29)	0.12 (0.11)
Spouse > secondary	−0.18 (2.66)	−0.79 (1.29)	−1.50 (1.07)	−9.58*** (2.52)	−0.34 (0.84)	0.86** (0.32)
Age/10	29.62*** (4.89)	0.16 (2.44)	−23.83*** (2.03)	4.36 (3.84)	0.65 (1.32)	0.46 (0.50)
Age*Age/100	−3.68*** (0.64)	0.07 (0.32)	2.98*** (0.26)	−0.59 (0.46)	−0.05 (0.16)	−0.09 (0.06)
Child age (ref.: 0–6))
Child aged 7–14 years	2.06 (1.42)	0.59 (0.69)	−4.26*** (0.57)	−1.23 (1.34)	0.84 (0.45)	−0.16 (0.17)
Child >14 years	7.31*** (1.23)	−0.09 (0.60)	−7.93*** (0.50)	1.59 (1.16)	0.45 (0.39)	−1.44*** (0.15)
No child in household	10.95*** (0.97)	−1.23** (0.47)	−10.34*** (0.39)	3.43*** (0.91)	0.32 (0.30)	−1.86*** (0.12)
Constant	−36.69*** (10.01)	14.96** (4.97)	56.49*** (4.13)	32.87*** (8.79)	2.57 (3.01)	1.56 (1.13)
Town-fixed-effect	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
R2 Breusch–Pagan chi-squared	0.290	0.211	0.281	0.169	0.069	0.144
	2591.018
Number of individuals	4,168

Standard errors in parentheses.

Source: Chinese Time Use Survey 2008.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.

Table A1. Comparing married individuals in CTUR2008 and CGSS2008 (both weighted).

	CTUS2008				CGSS 2008^b
	Urban couples		Rural couples		Urban women	Urban men	Rural women	Rural men
Nuclear families^a	76.3%		71.0%		71.6%	70.5%	62.4%	60.2%
No children under the age of 19 in the household	41.4%		50.1%		31.0%	28.7%	30.9%	28.1%
Number of couples in CTUR/individuals in CGSS	5,191		4,168		389	365	228	217
	Urban wives	Urban husbands	Rural wives	Rural husbands
Working	73.0%	88.9%	92.8%	97.4%	74.7%	93.5%	94.1%	97.2%
Age	39.2	41.5	39.6	41.3	36.5	37.4	36.6	38.4
Education
<Secondary	38.2%	30.0%	91.4%	77.9%	55.4%	48.7%	92.2%	85.7%
=Secondary	42.2%	38.0%	7.8%	20.1%	30.3%	31.0%	7.1%	12.4%
>Secondary	19.6%	32.0%	1.2%	2.0%	14.3%	20.3%	0.7%	1.9%

Note. ^aNuclear families in CTUS 2008 include those who are not living with and not spending time with any elderly family member. CTUS 2008 cannot identify whether those having spent time with elderly are their parents or not, but most likely, these elderlies are the couple’s parents. ^bCGSS 2008 is not a household survey. Thus, we could not create a couple-level sample.

Table A2. Logistic regressions predicting the odds of labor force participation, urban sample.

	Urban wives	Urban husbands
Parent < 75 years (ref.: nuclear)	0.07 (0.16)	−0.03 (0.23)
Parent ≥ 75 years	−0.05 (0.10)	−0.03 (0.14)
Secondary (ref.: <secondary)	0.73*** (0.09)	0.47*** (0.12)
>Secondary	1.80*** (0.11)	1.14*** (0.14)
Age/10	4.11*** (0.60)	2.88*** (0.61)
Age*Age/100	−0.59*** (0.08)	−0.40*** (0.07)
Child aged 7–14 years (ref.: Child aged 0–6 years)	0.35** (0.12)	−0.03 (0.17)
Child > 14 years	0.58*** (0.14)	−0.04 (0.20)
No child in household	0.56*** (0.12)	0.21 (0.16)
Spouse working	0.86*** (0.11)	0.78*** (0.11)
Non-Han ethnicity	0.13 (0.21)	0.25 (0.29)
Constant	−6.42*** (1.26)	−3.18* (1.50)
Chi-squared model test	837.236	519.779
p-Value model test	0.000	0.000
AIC	4965.756	2901.127
Number of iterations	5	5
Number of individuals	5,191

Standard errors in parentheses.

Source: Chinese Time Use Survey 2008.

*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.

Table A3. Correlation matrix of the residuals.

	Mothers			Fathers
	Paid work	Housework	Childcare	Paid work	Housework	Childcare
Urban couples
Mothers
Paid work	1
Housework	−0.444	1.000
Childcare	−0.179	0.046	1.000
Fathers
Paid work	0.136	0.016	0.030	1.000
Housework	0.089	−0.092	−0.016	−0.273	1.000
Childcare	0.016	0.005	0.175	−0.087	0.077	1.000
Rural couples
Mothers
Paid work	1
Housework	−0.474	1.000
Childcare	−0.297	0.010	1.000
Fathers
Paid work	0.340	−0.116	−0.042	1.000
Housework	−0.047	0.090	−0.026	−0.328	1.000
Childcare	−0.056	0.004	0.156	−0.163	0.072	1

Breusch–Pagan test of independence: χ² (15) = 2,004.54, p_r = 0.000

Breusch–Pagan test of independence: χ² (15) = 2,591.02, p_r = 0.000