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Original Articles

Drawing Belgium: Using Mental Maps to Measure Territorial Conflict

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Pages 30-51 | Received 01 Sep 2012, Published online: 25 Aug 2013
 

Abstract

Governing divided Belgium is not an easy affair. Traditional tools of political research have provided insights about the dynamics of Belgian federalism but they have fallen short in exploring the territorial dimension of the conflict and its political representations within the population. Mental maps, scarcely used hitherto by political scientists, offer an innovative research tool to dig into territorial conflict dynamics since they aim at capturing the mental representation an individual has of a given object or space through the materialization of their representation with a drawing. This article discusses drawings of Belgium made by over 5000 first year higher education students in this country. The drawings confirm the importance of the two most prominent—and thus symbolic—elements of the territorial conflict in Belgium: the internal language border and the position of Brussels. In triangulation with responses to a questionnaire collected simultaneously, the analyses show that differences between the two language groups in Belgium are not very high, but that opposed visions on the country are reflected by those who exclusively identify themselves with Belgium or with Flanders. We state that if used with caution to ensure both internal and external validity, mental maps can prove to be an innovative but robust research tool for the study of territorial conflict broadly speaking. Because of their flexibility and their openness, mental maps capture the shortcuts citizens use to forge their political and territorial representation of their country.

Extracto

Gobernar una Bélgica dividida no es una tarea fácil. Los métodos tradicionales de la investigación política han permitido hacernos una idea de las dinámicas del federalismo belga, sin embargo, han sido insuficientes para analizar la dimensión territorial del conflicto y sus representaciones políticas en la población. Los mapas mentales, apenas utilizados hasta la fecha por los científicos políticos, son un material innovador de investigación para examinar a fondo las dinámicas del conflicto territorial porque sirven para captar mediante dibujos la representación mental que tiene una persona de un objeto o espacio determinados. En este artículo analizamos los dibujos de Bélgica pintados por más de 5000 estudiantes belgas en su primer año académico de enseñanza superior. Los dibujos confirman la importancia de los dos elementos más destacados, y por tanto más simbólicos, del conflicto territorial en Bélgica: la frontera lingüística interna y la posición de Bruselas. Mediante una triangulación con las respuestas a un cuestionario recabadas simultáneamente, los análisis muestran que las diferencias entre las dos comunidades lingüísticas en Bélgica no son muy altas, sin embargo, los estudiantes mostraban visiones opuestas en cuanto al país cuando se identificaban exclusivamente con Bélgica o Flandes. Afirmamos que si se emplean con prudencia para garantizar una validez tanto interna como externa, los mapas mentales pueden servir como un método de investigación innovador y, a la vez, sólido para el estudio del conflicto territorial en términos generales. Debido a su flexibilidad y transparencia, los mapas mentales captan los atajos que los ciudadanos utilizan para plasmar su representación política y territorial de su país.

摘要

治理分裂的比利时并非易事。传统的政治研究工具虽提供了理解比利时联邦主义动态的洞见,但却无法探究冲突的领域面向,及其在人民中的政治再现。政治学家至今仍鲜少使用的心理地图,则提供了创新的研究工具来鑽研领域冲突的动态,因其目的在于捕捉个人藉由绘图,具体化其对给定物体或空间的心理再现。 本文探讨比利时国内超过五千名高等教育一年级学生所绘製的比利时地图。这些绘图証实了比利时领域冲突的两个最重要并因此具有象徵性的元素:内在的语言边界与布鲁塞尔的立场。研究分析纳入同时搜集的问卷回覆,显示比利时内部两大语言群体之间的差异并非相当显着,但排他性地自我认同为比利时人或法兰德斯人者,却反映出对国家的两极展望。我们主张,心灵地图若谨慎使用以同时确保内部及外部的有效性,大致而言便可提供做为研究领域冲突的创新却健全之研究工具。心灵地图因其弹性及开放性,捕捉了公民用来打造国家的政治及领域再现的捷径。

Résumé

Gouverner un pays divisé comme la Belgique n'est pas une affaire simple. Les outils traditionnels de recherche en science politique ont permis de bien comprendre la dynamique du fédéralisme belge mais n'ont pas permis l'exploration de la dimension territoriale du conflit et ses représentations politiques au sein de la population. Les cartes mentales, jusqu’à présent rarement utilisées par les politistes, offrent un outil de recherche innovant pour appréhender cette dynamique territoriale puisqu'elles permettent de capturer la représentation mentale qu'un individu a d'un objet ou d'un espace donné via la matérialisation de sa représentation par un dessin. Cet article analyse les dessins de la Belgique réalisés par plus de 5000 étudiants en première année de l'enseignement supérieur dans ce pays. Ces dessins confirment l'importance des deux éléments les plus proéminents—et donc symboliques—du conflit territorial en Belgique : la frontière linguistique interne et la position de Bruxelles. En triangulation avec les réponses à un questionnaire collectées simultanément, les analyses montrent que les différences entre les deux groupes linguistiques en Belgique ne sont pas très fortes, mais que des visions opposées du pays sont toutefois reflétées par ceux qui s'identifient exclusivement à la Belgique ou à la Flandre. Nous avançons que, si elles sont utilisées avec rigueur afin d'assurer leur validité interne et externe, les cartes mentales peuvent constituer un outil de recherche innovant, mais robuste, pour l’étude de conflits territoriaux au sens large. Grâce à leur flexibilité et leur simplicité, les cartes mentales capturent les raccourcis que les citoyens utilisent pour se forger leur représentation politique et territoriale de leur pays.

Acknowledgements

We are truly grateful to the thousands of students who kindly agreed to draw Belgium and respond to our questions. We also would like to thank the anonymous referees and the editors of this journal for their insightful comments. This research project was funded by an intercommunity postdoctoral fellowship of the Francqui Foundation and by the Vrije Universiteit Brussel.

Notes

1. Political knowledge was measured using five multiple choice-items forming a single ‘political knowledge’-dimension. Mokken's Rho = .57; H-index: .28.

2. We are interested in the differences between language groups and not between regions. Students of Brussels institutions were divided according to the language of their institution. Students in Brussels are also not all living in Brussels. On the contrary, most of them are recruited from outside Brussels. We did however check for a possible influence of location and computed also models with interaction terms between language and location. None of these interaction-models were significant and are therefore not reported in this article.

3. There are no indications for multicollinearity between the predictors. There were no problems encountered with convergence, nor were the standard errors excessively large. The highest bi-serial correlation between the predictor-variables was −.25 (between language and political knowledge).

4. As for the previous models there are no indications for multicollinearity between the predictors. There were no problems with convergence and the standard errors were not excessively large. The highest bi-serial correlation between the predictor-variables was −.26 (between nationality and identification with none of the proposed identities).

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