Unpacking the multispatial configurations of metagoverning tourism development: a longitudinal application of the TPSNE framework

Figures & data

Table 1. The TPSNE framework.

Structuring principles of multispatial metagovernance	Fields of multispatial metagovernance
	Territory	Place	Scale	Networks	Environment
Territorialisation	States as power containers defined by borders	Integrating place into territory, managing uneven development	Intergovernmental coordination of different scales	Inter-state alliances	Centralised and top-down environmental management
→Spatial effects and actions	Territory-based territorialisation	Territorialisation of places	Territory-based scaling	Territorialisation of networks	Territorialising the environment
Place-making	Core-periphery relations, governance zones	Designating city-regions or regions	Glocalisation, glurbanisation (urban-global ties)	Local, urban, regional governance and partnerships	Zoning and designating certain environments
→Spatial effects and actions	Making places within territories	Making places	Making places within scalar relationships	Place-making within networks	Turning environment into specific places
(Re)scaling	Scalar division of power, multilevel governance	Local-global linkages	Nested or tangled spatial hierarchies, scale jumping	Private international regimes, scalar projects, regional assemblies	Parallel environmental governance frameworks, sustainability through responsibility
→Spatial effects and actions	(Re)scaling territories	(Re)scaling places	(Re)scaling scales	(Re)scaling networks	(Re)scaling environmental governance and policy
Networking	Cross-border regions	Multi-city regionalism, devolution deals, overseas trading companies	Soft spaces, private international regimes, networked public service provision	Networks of networks	Green certification schemes
→Spatial effects and actions	Territory-based networking	Including places in networks	Networking across scales/multilevel governance	Network-based networking	Environmental governance/management networks

Source: After Jessop et al. (2008, p. 393), Jones (2018) and Gailing et al. (2020, p. 1116).

Figure 1. Main tourist destinations in Lapland and Norrbotten.

Source: Authors.

Map of Lapland and Norrbotten showing the location of the main tourist destinations in both counties.

Figure 2. (a) The functionalist hotel in Borisoglebsky (Kolttaköngäs in Finnish)/Petsamo (right) stood in stark contrast to the Orthodox church and the Skolt Sámi village. (b) Reindeer sleds were the most common transport mode for travelling the last few kilometres to the Pallastunturi hotel in the winter. (c) The tourist station in Inari is an example of the twentieth-century neo-national romanticist building style of Lapland’s tourist accommodation. (d) In the late 1930s, the Pohjanhovi hotel in Rovaniemi was one of the most modern buildings in Finland.

Source: Lapin Maakuntamuseo (n.d.). Published with permission.

Aerial historical photograph showing the architectural contrast between the white functionalist-style hotel, the Orthodox church, and the simple wooden houses of the nearby Skolt Sámi village in Borisoglebsky, formerly known as Kolttaköngäs, in Petsamo. 2.2: Historical winter photograph showing a row of reindeer-drawn sleds for tourists in front of the functionalist Pallastunturi hotel. 2.3: Historical photograph of people and sled reindeer, tied to trees, in front of the tourist station in Ivalo. 2.4: Historical photograph of the white functionalist hotel Pohjanhovi in Rovaniemi decorated with Finnish flags.

Table 2. Multispatial metagovernance of tourism in Lapland and Norrbotten from 1870 to 1945.

Structuring principles of multispatial metagovernance	Fields of multispatial metagovernance
	Territory	Place	Scale	Networks	Environment
Territorialisation	Nation state building	Binding places into the modern ‘land of the future’ connected by shared history	National government and national-led interventions	National elite level networks (tourism associations and state-owned companies)	National territorialisation of the environment
➔ Spatial effects and actions	Tourism development as a territory maker for the nation and nation-building	Tourism infrastructure development reflecting shared history and modernity	Top-down tourism development steered by elites		Creation of national landscapes and national parks for spatial identification

Table 3. Multispatial metagovernance of tourism development in Lapland and Norrbotten from 1945 to 1990.

Structuring principles of multispatial metagovernance	Fields of multispatial metagovernance
	Territory	Place	Scale	Networks	Environment
Territorialisation	Territorial coherence within national borders	Domestic tourism to foster a homogenous society within homogenous places	Territory-based scaling	Nationally circumscribed, seeking compliance of actors	State-led and municipal planning and governing of environment for resource extraction, leisure tourism and conservation; national parks for recreation
➔ Spatial effects and actions	Tourism development as a territory maker for the nation and nation-building	Tourism development supporting social welfare and equalisation	Top-down tourism development		State support for specific types of nature-based tourism for spatial identification
Place-making	State-led planning for domestic tourism and leisure	Central places for tourism consumption	Top-down management of local tourism development Place-making from above and only to some minor extent from below	National-local networks	State support for (mass) tourism development and a consumable pleasure periphery
➔ Spatial effects and actions	Leisure and consumption to shape a loyal society	Tourism becomes increasingly an economic activity for some places	Place making mainly steered from above

Figure 3. Multilevel governance in Lapland and Norrbotten.

Source: Authors.

Conceptualisation of the different levels, organisations and actors involved in tourism multilevel governance in Finland and Sweden.

Table 4. Multispatial metagovernance of tourism development in Lapland and Norrbotten from 1990 to present.

Structuring principles of multispatial metagovernance	Fields of multispatial metagovernance
	Territory	Place	Scale	Networks	Environment
(Re)scaling	Extending economic territory beyond nation-state borders (Arctic region)	Regional development through public funding (EU structural funds pooled to national funds) for private-public projects and smart specialisation → place-based competitiveness in global economy	Main focus on different types of regions, scale jumping through cross-border cooperation within EU structural funding	Public-private partnerships and multiscalar project-based networks	Scaling nature to economic actors (tourism as a sustainable utiliser of nature), governed through certifications and voluntary action, collaboration of multiscalar networks
➔ Spatial effects and actions	Orientation of tourism governance towards EU and Arctic	Rescaling tourism in places increasingly towards international and global context	Pluralisation of scales involved in tourism development
Networking	The Arctic as a functional and imaginary cross-border region; socio-economic development beyond territory	Binding place, people and capital in global competition, economic (travel) networks and imaginaries	Horizontal networking, from market competition between Lapland and Norrbotten to cooperation (soft spaces)	Self-organising multi-actor networks, communities and markets operating in the shadow of hierarchy (soft spaces), networks within networks
➔ Spatial effects and actions	Orientation of tourism circumscribed by national or country territory to Arctic	Increasing export-orientation of tourism destination organizations	Project-based local tourism development offers bottom-up participation possibilities but challenges long-term development plans

Jessop, B., Brenner, N., & Jones, M. (2008). Theorizing sociospatial relations. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 26(3), 389–401. https://doi.org/10.1068/d9107

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Jones, M. (2018). The march of governance and the actualities of failure: the case of economic development twenty years on. International Social Science Journal, 68(227–228), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/issj.12169

 Google Scholar

Gailing, L., Bues, A., Kern, K., & Röhring, A. (2020). Socio-spatial dimensions in energy transitions: Applying the TPSN framework to case studies in Germany. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 52(6), 1112–1130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X19845142

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Lapin maakuntamuseo. (n.d.). Image Collection. https://cumulus.rovaniemi.fi/arkistoaineisto/.

 Google Scholar