Deferred diagnosis in children assessed for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

ABSTRACT

Early intervention for individuals with FASD is paramount, thus exploring factors that affect the diagnostic process is critical. This process can be complicated by challenges gathering background information, accurately evaluating higher-level cognitive skills across ages, and teasing apart the impact of life adversities from the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure. This study is a retrospective file review of 154 children (44% female; mean age 8.4 years, range 1.0 to 16.9) deferred at their first FASD assessment, and 51 (43% female; mean 9.9 years, range 2.7 to 17.2) who returned for a second assessment. Data was collected from three Canadian FASD clinics to explore reasons for deferral, the clinical profile of deferred children, why some returning children were diagnosed while others were not, and changes between assessments. Results suggest that deferred children initially lacked evidence of abnormalities sufficient for a diagnosis, presented with areas of relative neurobehavioral strength and difficulty, and children eventually diagnosed with FASD showed significantly more impaired brain function (p < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.547), postnatal risk (p = 0.021, ηp2 = 0.121), and comorbidities (p = 0.038, ηp2 = 0.085) than undiagnosed children. These findings provide important insights into the process of clinical assessment for FASD.

KEYWORDS:

• Assessment
• deferral
• diagnosis
• children
• Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of Dr. Marnie Makela, Dr. Sukhpreet Tamana, and Allison McNeil in collecting and entering data for this project.

Additional information

Funding

This study was supported by funding from the Alberta Government Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Cross-Ministry Committee.