Adipocyte hypertrophy-hyperplasia balance contributes to weight loss after bariatric surgery

Figures & data

Table 1. Subject demographics.

n = 95	DM (n = 37)	PRE (n = 26)	NDM (n = 32)	p-value
DEMOGRAPHICS, LAB VALUES
Gender (F/M, n)	22/15	18/8	26/6	0.146
Age (mean, years)	49	48	38	<0.001
BMI (mean, kg/m^2)	46	48	46	0.473
HbA1c (mean, %)	7.2	6.0	5.4	<0.001
Fasting plasma glucose (mean, mg/dl)	146	104	92	<0.001
CO-MORBID DISEASES (%)
Sleep apnea	78%	58%	41%	0.003
Hypertension	81%	69%	31%	<0.001
Dyslipidemia	57%	50%	25%	0.018
MEDICATIONS (%)
β-blocker	27%	27%	9%	0.138
Statin	51%	30%	6%	<0.001
ACE inhibitor	30%	23%	9%	0.113
Thiazolidinedione	5%	0%	0%	0.157
Metformin	84%	0%	0%	<0.001
Insulin	46%	0%	0%	<0.001
Sulfonylurea	27%	0%	0%	<0.001

Figure 1. Clinical correlates of surgery-induced weight loss: A. Weight loss is less in DM subjects: %TWL stratified by DM status; *p<0.05 comparing indicated data points at 12 months (PRE or DM) to NDM arm, age-, sex-, operation-adjusted. n = 87 and 83 subjects for 6-month and 12-month %TWL respectively. Error bars represent standard error of mean. B. Range of surgery-induced weight loss in the entire cohort: %TWL 6 and 12 months after bariatric surgery in NDM, PRE, and DM subjects. C. Weight loss correlates inversely with HbA1c: Correlations in all subjects of %TWL with serum HbA1c levels; p-values shown are age-, sex-, operation-adjusted. D. Weight loss correlates inversely with age: Correlations in all subjects of %TWL with age; p-values shown are HbA1c-, sex-, operation-adjusted. E. Weight loss is less in men: %TWL in all subjects stratified by sex; *p = 0.013, age-, HbA1c-, operation-adjusted. n = 25, 24 men and 62, 59 women for 6-month and 12-month %TWL respectively. Error bars represent standard error of mean.

Figure 2. Adipose tissue-based correlates of DM: A. Histologic assessment of adipocyte hypertrophy: Representative fluorescence images in Texas Red channel (595–605 nM) of fixed H&E-stained sectioned adipose tissue used for Image-J reconstruction from NDM, PRE, and DM subjects; adipocyte area measured in 200–500 cells from multiple slides per subject. B. Preadipocyte flow cytometry scatterplot: CD34/CD31 staining within the parent CD45 gate. Preadipocytes are defined as CD45⁻CD34⁺CD31⁻ using fluorescence-minus-one controls, quantified as % of all SVF cells after exclusion of doublets and non-viable cells. Antibodies: CD45-FITC, CD31-APC-Cy7, CD34-PerCP-Cy5.5, anti-rabbit-IgG secondary antibody-PE (Biolegend Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). C. Adipocyte hypertrophy and preadipocyte frequency are reciprocally related: Correlations in all subjects of adipocyte area (μM²) with preadipocyte frequency (% all SVF cells); p-values shown are age-, sex-adjusted. D. Preadipocyte frequency is decreased in VAT from DM subjects: Ordinate: preadipocyte frequency as % SVF cells; *: p = 0.004, #:p = 0.051, comparing indicated data point (PRE or DM) to NDM arm, age-, sex-adjusted; n = 11 NDM, 14 PRE, 17 DM subjects for VAT, n = 9 NDM, 9 PRE, 12 DM subjects for SAT. Error bars represent standard error of mean. E. Adipocyte hypertrophy is increased in VAT from DM subjects: Ordinate: adipocyte area (μM²); *: p = 0.002, #: p = 0.102, comparing indicated data point (PRE or DM) to NDM arm, age-, sex-adjusted; n = 31 NDM, 24 PRE, 34 DM subjects for VAT, n = 22 NDM, 17 PRE, 17 DM subjects for SAT. Error bars represent standard error of mean. F. Preadipocyte frequency is similar in men and women: Ordinate: preadipocyte frequency as % SVF cells; no differences observed between men (M) and women (F) with age-, HbA1c-adjustment; n = 17 male, 25 female subjects for VAT, 11 men, 19 women for SAT. Error bars represent standard error of mean. G. Adipocyte hypertrophy is increased in VAT from male subjects: Ordinate; adipocyte area (μM²); #: p = 0.066, comparing men (M) and women (F), age-, HbA1c-adjusted; n = 26 men, 60 women for VAT, 22 men, 33 women for SAT. Error bars represent standard error of mean. H. Correlations of adipocyte size and preadipocyte frequency with HbA1c and age: Correlations in all subjects of adipocyte size (μM²) and preadipocyte frequency (% all SVF cells) with HbA1c and age; p-values shown are adjusted for age and sex when analyzing HbA1c as the dependent variable, and for HbA1c and sex when analyzing age as the dependent variable. I. Adipocyte size distribution: Top: Tables show average mean, median, skewness, and kurtosis for each patient group for adipocyte size data. Bottom: Each line/curve represents counts of adipocyte areas of 200–500 cells for an individual subject; abscissas: adipocyte area (μM²), ordinates: mean % adipocytes in each 100 μM² increment of all patients in each group (NDM, PRE, DM); gray bars on VAT graph show approximate ranges of adipocytes sizes for which differences in % adipocytes at each 100μM² increment between DM and NDM subjects. J. Percentile analysis of adipocyte sizes: Stacked graph showing adipocyte size for each patient group at 25^th, 50^th, and 75^th percentiles. Asterisks on bars indicate significant differences for that percentile and group compared with NDM; the single asterisk between bars (VAT, PRE vs. DM) indicates a significant difference between the 2 patient groups at the indicated percentile. Error bars represent standard error of mean.

Figure 3. Adipose tissue-based correlates of surgery-induced weight loss: Correlations in all subjects of adipocyte area (μM²) and preadipocyte (PA) frequency (% all SVF cells) with %TWL at 12 months in all subjects and in female and male subgroups; p-values shown are univariate (uv), age-adjusted (a), and age-, HbA1c-, operation-adjusted (a,h,o).