Glycemic control and its associated factors among diabetes mellitus patients at Ayder comprehensive specialized hospital, Mekelle-Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of study participants in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekelle-Ethiopia, 2017.

Variables	Glucometer Users n (%)	Glucometer Non-users n(%)	Total: n (%)	P-value
Age(years)
<25	23(13.7)	23(13.7)	46(13.7)
25–44	36(21.4)	34(20.2)	70(20.8)
45–64	79(47.0)	81(48.2)	160(47.6)	.994
65+	30(17.9)	30(17.9)	60(17.9)
Sex
Male	89(53.0)	88(52.4)	177(52.7)	1.00
Female	79(47.0)	80(47.6)	159(47.3)
Residence
Urban	162(96.4)	149(88.7)	311(92.6)	.013
Rural	6(3.6)	19(11.3)	25(7.4)
Educational status
Unable to read and write	12(11.9)	29(17.3)	41(12.2)
Write and read	10(6.0)	7(4.2)	17(5.1)
Primary	30(17.9)	29(17.3)	59(17.5)	.008
Secondary	34(20.2)	46(27.4)	80(23.8)
College and above	82(48.8)	57(33.9)	139(41.4)
Occupation
Student	20(11.9)	21(12.5)	41(12.2)
Government employee	59(35.1)	47(27.9)	106(31.6) .029
Private	19(11.3)	31(18.5)	50(14.9)
Merchant	20(11.9)	8(4.8)	28(8.3)
Unemployed	14(8.3)	13(7.7)	27(8.0)
Housewife	24(14.3)	23(13.7)	47(14.0)
Monthly income
Low	33(19.6)	56(33.3)	89(26.5)	<.001
Medium	77(45.8)	86(51.2)	163(48.5)
High	58(34.5)	26(15.4)	84(25.0)
Has family history of DM
Yes	55(32.7)	36(21.4)	91(27.1)	. 027
No	113(67.3)	132(78.6)	245(72.9)
Marital status
Single	28(16.7)	26(15.5)	54(16.1)
Married	105(62.5)	120(71.4)	225(67.0)	.247
Divorced	16(9.5)	11(6.5)	27(8.0)
Widowed	19(11.3)	11(6.5)	30(8.9)

Table 2. Clinical characteristics of study participants in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekelle- Ethiopia, 2017.

Variables	Glucometer Users n (%)	Glucometer Non-users n(%)	Total: n (%)	P-value
Glycemic control
Poor (HbA1c ≥ 7%)	88(52.4)	120(71.4)	208(61.9)
Good (HbA1c <7%)	80(47.6)	48(28.6)	128(38.1)	<.001
BMI
Low (<18)	7(4.2)	4(2.4)	11(3.3)
Normal (18–25)	85(50.6)	106(63.1)	191(56.8)
Overweight (25–29)	62(36.9)	48(28.6)	110(32.7)	.430
Obese (> = 30)	14(8.3)	10(5.9)	24(7.1)
Duration of DM
≤7years	90(53.6)	92(54.8)	182(54.2)
>7 years	78(46.4)	76(45.2)	154(45.8)	.913
Number of DM clinic visits
<6 times / 6 months	53(31.6)	73(43.4)	126(37.5)
≥6 times/6 months	115(68.4)	95(56.6)	210(62.5)	.032
Typeof medication
Insulin	65(38.7)	51(304)	116(34.5)
OHA/tabs	95(56.5)	108(64.3)	203(60.4)	.275
combination	8(4.8)	99(5.3)	17(5.1)
Triglyceride
Normal(<150)	93(55.4)	89(53.0)	182(54.2)
High (≥150)	75(44.6)	79(47.0)	154(45.8)	.743
Total cholesterol
Normal (<200)	126(75.0)	134(79.8)	260(77.4)
High (≥200)	42(25.0)	34(20.2)	76(22.6)	.361
HDL males(n = 177)
Normal (≥40)	39(43.8)	40(45.5)	79(44.6)
Low(<40)	50(56.2)	48(54.5)	98(55.4)	.827
HDL females(n = 159)
Normal (≥50)	8(10.1)	7(8.8)	15(9.4)
Low (<50)	71(89.9)	73(91.2)	144(90.6)	.767
LDL
Normal (<130)	134(79.7)	140(83.3)	274(81.6)
High(≥130)	34(20.2)	28(16.7)	62(18.4)	.482
Type of DM
Type I	37(22.0)	35(20.8)	72(21.4)
Type II	131(78.0)	133(79.2)	264(78.6)	.894
Hypertension
No (<130/80mm/Hg)	78(46.4)	90(53.6)	168(50.0)
Yes(≥130 /80mm/Hg)	90(53.6)	78(46.4)	168(50.0)	.230
FBS
<130 mg/dl	80(47.6)	58(34.5)	138(41.1)	.020
≥130 mg/dl	88(52.4)	110(65.5)	198(58.9)

Note: BMI-Body Mass Index, DM-Diabetes Mellitus, FBS-Fasting Blood Sugar, HDL-High Density Lipoprotein, LDL-Low Density Lipoprotein, OHA- Oral Hypoglycemic Agents

Table 3. Comparison of the mean of Clinical characteristics by glucometer use of DM subjects based on independent t-test in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekelle-Ethiopia, 2017.

Clinical Parameter	Glucometer User (Mean ±SD)^*	Glucometer Non-user (Mean± SD)	T^**	P
HbA1c	7.68 ± 1.95	8.4 ± 2.24	−3.306	.001
Total Cholesterol	170.8 ± 47.7	166.6 ± 44.13	0.845	.398
Triglyceride	180.4 ± 108.2	175.7 ± 95.8	0.422	.674
High density lipoprotein	37.7 ± 8.9	37.7 ± 8.8	−.049	.961
Low density lipoprotein	95.6 ± 34.4	93.9 ± 33.9	0.455	.649
Systolic blood pressure	127.7 ± 13.1	125.7 ± 13.0	1.362	.174
Diastolic blood pressure	77.2 ± 8.3	76.7 ± 9.2	.528	.598
Duration of DM	7.79 ± 4.89	7.87 ± 5.48	0.282	.883
Fasting blood sugar	152.3 ± 65.4	176.2 ± 71.7	−3.193	.002
Body mass index	24.6 ± 3.6	23.8 ± 3.9	0 .238	.047

* Mean and standard deviation,

** Independent t-test, HbA1c- Glycated Hemoglobin A1c.

Table 4. Pearson Correlation tests between lipid profiles and Glucose with HbA1c level among DM subjects in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia, 2017.

Variables		T. cholesterol	Triglyceride	^*LDL	^*HDL	Glucose
HbA1c	Correlation (r)	0.283^**	0.252^**	0.254^**	−0.041	0.906^**
	Coefficient
	P. value	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.459	0.000

Note:

** Correlation significant P < 0.05,

* LDL- Low Density Lipoprotein, ^*HDL- High Density Lipoprotein.

Table 5. Factors associated with poor glycemic control among DM subjects in Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Mekelle, Ethiopia, 2017.

	Glycemic control
Variables	Good: n (%) (HbA1c <7%)	Poor: n (%) (HbA1c≥7%)	COR 95%(CI)	AOR 95%(CI)	P-value
Age (years)
<25	14(30.4)	32(69.6)	1
25–44	26(37.1)	44(62.9)	1.8(0.81- 3.98)
45–64	62(38.8)	98(61.2)	1.17(0.58- 2.36)		.67
65+	26(43.3)	34(56.7)	1.14(0.62–2.06)
Residence
Rural	6(24.0)	19(76.0)	1	1
Urban	122(39.2)	189(60.8)	2.04(0.7–5.26)	1.78(0.59–5.3)	.064
Monthly income
Low	38(42.7)	51(57.3)	1	1
Medium	51(31.3)	112(68.7)	1.64(0.96–2.79)	2.5(1.3–4.89)	.002
High	39(46.4)	45(53.6)	0.86(0.47–1.57)	1.69(0.74–3.81)	.217
Number of visits per last 6 months
≥6 times	95(45.2)	115(54.8)	1	1
<6 times	33(26.2)	93(73.8)	0.49(0.2- 0.69)	0.55(0.3–0.94)	.034
Alcohol Intake
No	111(41.6)	156(58.4)	1	1
Yes	17(24.6)	52(75.4)	2.2(1.1–3.96)*	1.5(0.75–3.0)	.343
Triglyceride
Normal (<150)	89(48.9)	93(51.1)	1	1
High(≥150)	39(25.3)	115(74.7)	2.8(1.77–4.49)	2.29(1.25–4.2)	.005
LDL
Normal (<130)	120(43.8)	154(56.2)	1	1
High(≥130)	8(12.9)	54(87.1)	5.26(2.4–11.5)	4.1(1.48–11.4)	.001
Glucometer use
Yes	80(47.6)	88(52.4)	1	1
No	48(28.6)	120(71.4)	2.3(1.45–3.57)	2.7(1.58–4.64)	.000
T. cholesterol	114(43.8)	146(56.2)	1	1
Normal (<200)	14(18.4)	62(81.6)	3.45(1.84–6.49)	1.2(0.490–2.94)	.690
High (≥200)	57(33.9)	111(66.1)	1	1
Hypertension	71(42.5)	97(57.7)	1.4(.96–2.219)	1.4(.83–2.57)	.189
No
Yes
Type of DM
Type II	102(38.6)	162(61.4)	1
Type I	26(36.1)	46(63.9)	0.25(.75–2.20)		.364
Type of medication
Insulin	46(39.7)	70(60.3)	1		.420
OHA/tabs	86(42.4)	117(57.6)	.63(.21–1.92)		.303
combination	5(29.4)	12(70.6)	.56(.19–1.67)

Note: COR: Crude Odds Ratio; AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio; LDL- Low-Density Lipoprotein; OHA: Oral Hypoglycemic Agents.