https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9047-7942
Figures & data
Figure 1. Construction of immunosuppressive milieu by cancer cells. PD-L1 and VEGF expressed by cancer cells are critical in constructing the immunosuppressive milieu in tumors. Herein, PD-L1 is able to elicit T cell exhaustion, thus enabling them to be with poor response to IL-7 and IL-15 stimulations along with upregulating their expressions of PD-1, CTLA-4, TIGHT, LAG4 and Tim3. VEGF is potent in increasing interstitial pressure within the tumor by promoting angiogenesis. Moreover, VEGF is able to reverse the tumoricidal functions of immune cells, such as dendritic cell (DC), cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and tumor-associated macrophage (TAM), while promotes expansion of regulatory T cell (Treg) and myeloid-derived suppressive cell (MDSC). CAF: cancer-associated fibroblast; PD-1: programmed cell death-1; PD-L1: programmed cell death-ligand 1.
Table 1. Immunosuppresive cytokines and their cellular sources.
Table 2. Advances in combinational use of radiotherapy plus ICI therapy in CRC.
Table 3. Advances in combinational use of systematic therapy plus ICI therapy in CRC.