At Europe’s frontline: factors determining migrants decision making for onwards migration from Greece and Turkey

Figures & data

Table 1. Survey data collection.

	Greece	Turkey	Total
Afghanistan	167	208	375
Iran	59	79	138
Iraq	41	95	136
Pakistan	117	146	263
Syria	144	0	144
Total	528	528	1056

Table 2. Descriptive statistics based on decision to migrate onwards or stay in current country.

		Greece			Turkey
		% of the Total	Migrate %	Stay %	% of the Total	Migrate%	Stay%
Country of Origin
Afghanistan		31.6	72.3	27.7	39.3	58.6	41.4
Iran		11.3	75.9	24.1	14.9	42.7	57.3
Iraq		7.8	90.0	10.0	18.2	86.2	13.8
Pakistan		22.1	65.2	34.8	27.6	65.0	35.0
Syria		27.2	82.1	17.9
Reason for initial migration
Security		54.9	80.5	19.5	38.1	62.3	37.7
Risk/no right to work		18.7	69.1	30.9	8.0	78.1	21.9
Lack of employment /education		15.6	65.9	34.2	33.8	58.9	41.1
Family reasons		5.7	75.9	24.1	13.7	66.2	33.9
Other		5.1	72.0	28.0	6.5	60.6	39.4
Current migration status
Refugee		18.2	60.6	39.4	4.7	58.3	41.7
Asylum seeker		25.5	64.1	35.9	23.1	64.5	35.5
Irregular		28.5	77.3	22.7	62.6	63.8	36.2
Temporary protection		25.1	94.6	5.4
Other		2.7	71.4	28.6	9.6	57.5	42.6
Subjective current living conditions
		41.8	55.3	44.8	54.4	57.3	42.8
Currently employed
	31.8		52.4	47.6	54.6	51.4	48.6
Language
	41.4		52.3	47.7	33.1	55.2	44.8
Experienced abuse or discrimination
	62.2		73.5	26.5	32.1	68.9	31.1
If the current country is the intended destination country of stay
	18.7		37.9	62.1	47.6	39.2	60.8
Have attempted to migrate onwards
		39.5	78.0	22.0	12.5	81.0	19.0
Migrated with a smuggler
		76.1	77.0	23.0	63.1	62.4	37.6
Married		32.7	77.2	22.8	31.2	56.8	43.2
Education
No formal education		12.9	70.2	29.8	11.9	48.2	51.8
Primary		26.3	76.1	23.9	28.0	63.0	37.0
Secondary		29.5	77.3	22.7	32.5	72.4	27.6
Vocational/higher		31.4	74.4	25.6	27.6	58.6	41.4
Urban		64.5	75.2	24.8	70.1	65.6	34.4
Total		100	75.1	24.9	100	63.1	36.9

Source: authors’ calculations.

Table 3. Factors influencing the decision to migrate onwards or stay and settle.

Greece		Turkey
Country of origin (ref category: Afghanistan)
Iran	0.16**	0.03
	(0.06)	(0.08)
Iraq	0.15^+	0.39**
	(0.06)	(0.07)
Pakistan	0.11*	0.27**
	(0.05)	(0.05)
Syria	0.11*
	(0.05)
Reason for migration (ref category: security)
Risk/no right to work or stay	−0.02	0.14*
	(0.04)	(0.08)
Family reasons	0.02	−0.02
	(0.06)	(0.06)
Other reasons	−0.07	0.02
	(0.07)	(0.08)
Lack of employment/educational opportunities	−0.02	0.04
	(0.04)	(0.05)
Status (ref category: Asylum seeker)
Refugee	0.04	−0.00
	(0.04)	(0.09)
Irregular	0.06	0.09
	(0.04)	(0.05)
Temporary protection	0.04
	(0.06)
Other	0.09	−0.06
	(0.09)	(0.08)
Current living conditions	−0.20**	−0.09*
	(0.03)	(0.04)
Employed	−0.03	−0.11*
	(0.04)	(0.04)
Speaks Greek/Turkish	−0.19**	0.02
	(0.04)	(0.04)
Abused	−0.07*	0.04
	(0.05)	(0.05)
Attempted to migrate onwards	0.00	0.13*
	(0.04)	(0.06)
Greece/Turkey was the intended destination	−0.24**	−0.31**
	(0.04)	(0.03)
Migrated with a smuggler	0.06^+	0.06
	(0.04)	(0.07)
Married	−0.02	−0.06
	(0.04)	(0.05)
Male	−0.06	−0.07
	(0.07)	(0.07)
Education (ref category: no education)
Primary	0.03	0.04
	(0.05)	(0.06)
Secondary	0.06	0.11^+
	(0.05)	(0.06)
Vocational/higher	−0.01	0.05
	(0.05)	(0.07)
Urban	−0.02	0.12*
	(0.03)	(0.05)
Observations	514	487
Pseudo R^2	0.39	0.29

Source: authors calculations.

Table A1. Descriptive statistics of relevant variables (Greece).

Variable	N	Mean	SD	Min	Max
Migrate onwards	519	0.75	0.43	0	1
Country of origin
Afghanistan	529	0.13	0.33	0	1
Iran	529	0.11	0.32	0	1
Iraq	529	0.08	0.27	0	1
Pakistan	529	0.22	0.42	0	1
Syria	529	0.27	0.45	0	1
Current migration status
Refugee	529	0.18	0.39	0	1
Asylum seeker	529	0.26	0.44	0	1
Irregular	529	0.29	0.45	0	1
Temporary protection	529	0.25	0.43	0	1
Other	529	0.03	0.16	0	1
Subjective current living conditions	529	0.42	0.49	0	1
Currently employed	529	0.32	0.47	0	1
The current country is the intended destination country of stay	529	0.19	0.40	0	1
Have attempted to migrate onwards	529	0.40	0.49	0	1
Experienced abuse or discrimination	529	0.62	0.49	0	1
Language	529	0.41	0.49	0	1
Migrated with a smuggler	528	0.76	0.43	0	1
Reason for initial migration
Security	525	0.55	0.50	0	1
Risk/no right to work	525	0.19	0.39	0	1
Lack of employment /education	525	0.16	0.36	0	1
Family reasons	525	0.06	0.23	0	1
Other	525	0.05	0.22	0	1
Married	529	0.33	0.47	0	1
Education
No formal education	529	0.13	0.47	0	1
Primary	529	0.26	0.44	0	1
Secondary	529	0.29	0.46	0	1
Vocational/higher	529	0.31	0.46	0	1
Urban	529	0.64	0.48	0	1
Male	529	0.92	0.27	0	1

Table A2. Descriptive statistics of relevant variables (Turkey).

Variable	N	Mean	SD	Min	Max
Migrate onwards	490	0.63	0.48	0	1
Country of origin
Afghanistan	529	0.39	0.49	0	1
Iran	529	0.15	0.36	0	1
Iraq	529	0.18	0.39	0	1
Pakistan	529	0.28	0.45	0	1
Current migration status
Refugee	529	0.05	0.21	0	1
Asylum seeker	529	0.23	0.42	0	1
Irregular	529	0.63	0.48	0	1
Subjective current living conditions	529	0.54	0.50	0	1
Currently employed	529	0.55	0.50	0	1
The current country is the intended destination country of stay	529	0.48	0.50	0	1
Have attempted to migrate onwards	529	0.13	0.33	0	1
Experienced abuse or discrimination	529	0.32	0.47	0	1
Language	529	0.33	0.47	0	1
Migrated with a smuggler	529	0.63	0.48	0	1
Reason for initial migration
Security	527	0.38	0.49	0	1
Risk/no right to work	527	0.12	0.33	0	1
Lack of employment /education	527	0.34	0.47	0	1
Family reasons	527	0.10	0.30	0	1
Other	527	0.06	0.24	0	1
Married	529	0.31	0.46	0	1
Education
No formal education	529	0.12	0.32	0	1
Primary	529	0.28	0.45	0	1
Secondary	529	0.33	0.47	0	1
Vocational/higher	529	0.28	0.45	0	1
Urban	529	0.70	0.46	0	1
Male	528	0.93	0.26	0	1