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Articles

#A little bird told me: birdcaging the message during the BP disaster

小鸟告诉我:将英国石油公司危机信息囚禁笼中

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Pages 113-128 | Received 16 Jan 2013, Accepted 13 Dec 2013, Published online: 20 Feb 2014
 

Abstract

The purpose of crisis planning is to prepare for the inevitable. This paper examines BP's crisis response following the Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion and the subsequent environmental disaster in the Gulf of Mexico. This event severely damaged BP's corporate standing, and the company's response and management of the crisis and cleanup exacerbated the damage to BP's reputation. The company's crisis communication strategies failed amid an onslaught of online and social media commentary from traditionally passive stakeholders and activists. The resultant damage to the company's reputation saw $95B wiped off the company's equity value and the CEO forced to resign. It is shown that crisis planning needs to be continually reviewed to take account of the evolving nature of social media during a crisis; in this instance, the use of Twitter proved particularly damaging to BP. Rolling crisis plans that encompass all media are required to provide the conclusive and swift action necessary to minimise the impact of a crisis.

社交媒体给予了人们更多对阅读、听音和观看的选择。移动技术的运用对交互式对话的速度和普及锦上添花,增强了社交媒体的普及性。为了维护公关形象,企业必须跟踪监控传统型和大量新兴媒体,并使较之前更多的股东参与其中。这在危机发生时至关重要。

危机规划的目的是对不可避免灾难做好准备。本文研究了英国石油公司对深水钻井平台爆炸危机事件的应对,以及墨西哥湾后续发生的自然灾害。这场灾难严重影响了英国石油公司的名声,该公司对危机的应对和管理以及清理工作加重损坏了英国石油公司的声誉。在传统型消极股东及激进人员通过网络和社交媒体一片攻击声中,英国石油公司对危机的应对显得脆弱无力。由于对公司声誉产生严重影响,该公司股价缩减了950亿美元,公司CEO被迫辞职并且要理清410亿美元的账单。

本研究采用案例研究方法,为具体事件(危机/灾难)的全面研究提供了灵活、综合框架。对传统型和社交媒体的内容分析确定了不同类型媒体间沟通关系的方式和趋势,媒体类型以主要信息和主要声量进行划分。本研究数据主要来源于传统平面媒体和社交媒体(n = 1135),其中按照比例在两种媒体中进行筛选,时间范围是2010年4月20日至7月15日。

本文探究了如何通过社交媒体(以Twitter为代表)更好的处理危机以更好的维护公司名誉。社交媒体闪电式的信息散布影响并改变着主流媒体发布新闻的方式。现今,Twitter正改变着传统意义上的媒体,影响着传播战略,这点在危机发生时体现得尤为突出。另外,企业在危机过程中环环相扣并具战略性的处理方式非常重要,任何前后相悖的信息散播都会遭到媒体挖掘并通过传统的,网络的与社交媒体不同途径广而告之。本文认为处理品牌危机过程中,企业对Twitter中相关信息的控制很有必要以便于妥善把握信息的流向趋势。充分利用社交媒体资源的前提是所有主要信息的发布符合提前制定的指导方针,但是,要保证公司在社交媒体中的声量,就需要完善相关信息使其顺应媒介的趋势。研究显示,处理危机过程中,需要不断重新审视危机规划,跟得上社交媒体的发展步伐;在这方面,Twitter对英国石油公司的打击便是例证。不断改进危机规划并且关注新媒体和社交媒体的动向可以帮助企业做出果断、快速的反应,以达到将事件不良影响降到最低的效果。

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