Identifying the influence of obsolescence risk and health beliefs in fitness wearable healthcare technology

Figures & data

Table 1. Construct validity.

Factors	Items	λ	CR	AVE	Skewness	Kurtosis
Obsolescence Risk	OR_1	.889	.940	.798	−.266	.509
	OR_2	.814
	OR_3	.964
	OR_4	.899
Health Belief	HB_1	.923	.957	.847	.410	1.102
	HB_2	.909
	HB_3	.950
	HM_4	.898
Hedonic Motivation	HM_1	.896	.912	.775	−.009	−.443
	HM_2	.894
	HM_3	.851
Performance Expectancy	PE_1	.987	.978	.917	.599	.171
	PE_2	.961
	PE_3	.909
	PE_4	.972
Facilitating Conditions	FC_1	.854	.931	.819	−.033	−1.418
	FC_2	.920
	FC_3	.939
	FC_4	.591*
Perceived Security	PS_1	.990	.983	.952	−.254	−1.073
	PS_2	.952
	PS_3	.984
Perceived Price Value	PV_1	.961	.948	.859	.044	1.149
	PV_2	.844
	PV_3	.963
Perceived Accuracy	PA_1	.951	.952	.868	−.066	−.187
	PA_2	.940
	PA_3	.412*
	PA_4	.904
Social Influence	SI_1	.943	.941	.841	.081	.074
	SI_2	.912
	SI_3	.895
Intention to Use	ITU_1	.964	.962	.895	.217	.435
	ITU_2	.907
	ITU_3	.966

Table 2. Discriminant validity.

Construct	OR	HB	HM	PE	FC	PS	PV	PA	SI	ITU
OR	.893
HB	.198	.920
HM	.366	.329	.880
PE	.197	.091	.311	.957
FC	.012	.422	.376	.119	.904
PS	.190	.181	.222	.348	.349	.975
PV	.021	.233	.069	.141	.124	.334	.926
PA	.171	.312	.175	.431	.068	.132	.338	.931
SI	.317	.076	.343	.327	.265	.354	.217	.397	.917
ITU	.211	.019	.248	.397	.591	.189	.319	.543	.331	.946

Table 3. Summary of model-fit.

Fit index	Threshold values (Hair et al., 2016)	Measurement Model	Structural Model
χ^2/df	Less than 3	1.26	1.33
Goodness-of-fit index (GFI)	Greater than .90	.95	.97
Adjusted goodness-of fit index (AGFI)	Greater than .80	.95	.90
Comparative fit index (CFI)	Greater than .90	.94	.94
Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)	Less than .08	.04	.07
Normed fit index (NFI)	Greater than .90	.91	.91
Parsimony normed fit index (PNFI)	Greater than .60	.68	.68

Figure 1. Validated research model.

Source: Authors’ compilation.

Table 4. Hypotheses testing result.

Hypothesis No.	Path Description	Standardized Coefficient (β value)	Critical Ratio		Results
			(t-value)	P value
H1	OR →ITU	.343	6.009	<.01	Supported
H8	PV→ITU	.281	4.447	<.01	Supported
H2	PE → ITU	.335	5.694	<.01	Supported
H9	PA→ITU	.271	4.423	<.01	Supported
H3	FC → ITU	.304	5.131	<.01	Supported
H4	HB→ ITU	.199	3.438	<.01	Supported
H5	HM→ ITU	.140	3.156	<.01	Supported
H6	PS→ITU	.039	.475	.66	Not Supported
H7	SI→ ITU	.126	2.091	<.01	Supported

OR=Obsolescence Risk; PV= Perceived Price Value; PE=Performance Expectancy; PA= Perceived Accuracy; FC=Facilitating Conditions; HB=Health Belief; HM= Hedonic Motivation; PS= Perceived Security; SI= Social Influence; ITU= Intention to Use.

Table 5. Bootstrapping direct and indirect effects at 95% confidence intervals.

Hypothesis sign	Variables X_>>M_>> Y^a	Direct β	Indirect β	Total Effect	Result
H10	OR>> PV>> ITU	.226*	.332**	.557	Complementary mediation
H11	PE >> PV>> ITU	.187*	.294*	.481	Complementary mediation
H12	PE>> PA>> ITU	.196**	.285**	.481	Complementary mediation
H13	FC>> PA>> ITU	.409**	.103	.511	Direct only non-mediation

X: exogenous variable; M: mediating variable; Y^a: endogenous variable.

*p ≤ .05, **p ≤ .01, ***p ≤ .001.

Table 6. Structural results for three age groups in the main research model.

Path Description	Young Adults (18–30 Years)	Middle aged Adults (31–45 Years)	Older Adults (More than 45 Years)
OR →ITU	.30*	.46**	.37*
PV→ITU	.34***	.43	.21*
PE → ITU	.28*	.02**	.47
PA→ITU	.32***	.38***	.22**
FC → ITU	.29*	.27**	.36*
HB→ ITU	.12	.20	.25*
HM→ ITU	.19**	.16*	.11*
PS→ITU	.40*	.42***	.41
SI→ ITU	.10	.14**	.14*
Goodness of fit indices	χ^2/df = 1.13 GFI=.94 AGFI=.90 CFI=.95 RMSEA=.07 NFI=.91 PNFI=.67	χ^2/df = 1.24 GFI=.93 AGFI=.90 CFI=.96 RMSEA=.07 NFI=.91 PNFI=.66	χ^2/df = 1.26 GFI=.95 AGFI=.91 CFI=.96 RMSEA=.07 NFI=.91 PNFI=.68

*p ≤ .05, **p ≤ .01, ***p ≤ .001.

OR=Obsolescence Risk; PV= Perceived Price Value; PE=Performance Expectancy; PA= Perceived Accuracy; FC=Facilitating Conditions; HB=Health Belief; HM= Hedonic Motivation; PS= Perceived Security; SI= Social Influence; ITU= Intention to Use.

Table 7. Regressing values for obsolescence risk and health Belief.

	Age Groups	Adjusted R Square	F	Unstandardized Coefficients
Obsolescence Risk	Young Adults	.44	1.056	(Constant) .71 Obsolescence Risk .172
	Middle Aged Adults	.57	1.617	(Constant) .51 Obsolescence Risk .079
	Older Adults	.42	.243	(Constant) .84 Obsolescence Risk .162
Health Belief	Young Adults	.55	6.162	(Constant) 2.24 Health Belief .162
	Middle Aged Adults	.79	23.440	(Constant)89.411 Health Belief 104.216
	Older Adults	.90	50.419	(Constant)14.653 Health Belief 71.438

Hair, J. F., Jr., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2016). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). Sage Publications.

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