Low-carbon optimal dispatch of virtual power plant based on time-of-use ladder carbon emission rights exchange mechanism

Figures & data

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the proposed mechanism.

Table 1. Parameters of the time-of-use ladder carbon emissions exchange mechanism.

		Carbon		CCER
Quota	DREs	transaction	Allocated carbon	offsetting
growth	output	price	emission base	quota
rate	range	(yuan/kg)	quota (kg)	(kg)
10%	25%	0.27	3,331.57	199.89

Table 2. Parameters of time-of-use carbon emission factors.

	Carbon emission per
Time	kilowatt-hour of PG (kg/kWh)
00:00–07:00 (Valley)	0.770
08:00–10:00; 16:00–18:00; 22:00–00:00 (Usual)	0.550
11:00–15:00; 19:00–21:00 (Peak)	0.506

Table 3. Parameters of TOU price.

Time	PG purchase price	PG sell price	VPP internal price
Valley	0.22	0.25	0.23
Usual	0.42	0.53	0.45
Peak	0.65	0.82	0.70

Figure 2. Flowchart of the proposed mechanism.

Figure 3. Data of typical scenario.

Figure 4. Dispatching strategies.

Table 4. Wind and solar power consumption.

	Scenario 1		Scenario 2		Scenario 3
	Wind	Solar	Wind	Solar	Wind	Solar
Time	power	power	power	power	power	power
Valley	0%	0%	0%	0%	100%	0%
Usual	100%	71.83%	98%	7.79%	100%	100%
Peak	100%	98.66%	100%	100%	100%	98.66%

Table 5. Benefits and carbon emissions.

Scenario	Benefits (yuan)	Carbon emission of GT (kg)	Carbon emission reduction by wind power consumption (kg)	Carbon emission reduction by solar power consumption (kg)	PGER (kg)
1	647.27	810.53	1,338.69	329.67	/
2	716.86	600	1,374.08	235.17	/
3	942.89	805.26	1,826.2	375.55	338.91

Figure 5. Consumption of wind and solar energy.

Figure 6. Carbon emissions and carbon reduction.

Table 6. Solar power consumption under different λ conditions.

Time	λ = 10%	λ = 12.4%	λ = 13.2%
Valley	0%	100%	100%
Usual	98.66%	98.66%	100%
Total	95.77%	99.17%	100%