Childhood-onset schizophrenia: what do we really know?

Figures & data

Table 1. Risk factors.

Risk factors
Chromosomal deletions on chromosomes 1, 8, 15 and 22
Too few neural connections
Too many neural connections
Altered functionality of neurotransmitters: dopamine, serotonin, glutamine and GABA
Paternal parents aged 30 and older at the time of conception
Family history of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and/or personality disorders

Note: A summary of the aetiological risk factors for developing COS.

Table 2. Differential diagnosis.

Disorder	Commonalities	Distinguishing features
BD	• Can present with psychotic symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized behaviour, catatonia and paranoia)	• Mood congruent delusions
		• Delusions/hallucinations occur exclusively during depression or mania
ASD	• Disorganized speech	• No hallucinations or delusions
	• Flat affect	• Lack of atypical beliefs
	• Social deficits
	• Repetitive and bizarre movements and behaviours
ADHD	• Poor attention	• Absence of psychotic episode
	• Disorganized

Note: A summary of the similarities and differences between schizophrenia and BD, ASD and ADHD to aid in making a differential diagnosis.

Table 3. Forms of treatment.

Atypical antipsychotics	Typical antipsychotics	Alternatives
Clozapine	Haloperidol	Individual therapy
Risperidone	Loxapine	Family therapy
Olanzapine	Molindone	Skill building and psychoeducation

Note: A summary of the types and forms of treatment available for COS.