Implicit attitudes and explicit cognitions jointly predict a reduced red meat intake: a three-wave longitudinal study

Figures & data

Table 1. Characteristics of study sample and differences over time.

	T0 (N = 1476)	T1 (n = 708)	T2 (n = 467)	F	df	p
	M (SD)	M (SD)	M (SD)
Age	49 (15.90)*	48 (15.18)	50 (15.67)**	1.22	2	.30
Gender (female), n (%)	692 (47%)	332 (47%)	178 (44%)	–	–	–
Perceived Pros	3.50 (.56)	3.54 (.59)	3.56 (.59)	1.92	2	.15
Perceived Cons	2.06 (.56)	2.08 (.56)	2.12 (.57)	2.57	2	.08
Social Norms	2.53 (.68)	2.48 (.70)	2.49 (.69)	1.65	2	.19
Social Modeling (partner, ‘Yes’), n (%)	992 (67)	475 (32)	329 (22)	–	–	–
Social Modeling (family members)	4.35 (.83)	4.36 (.79)	4.29 (.84)	1.17	2	.31
Social Modeling (friends)	3.96 (.70)	3.99 (.69)	3.92 (.71)	1.64	2	.20
Social Modeling (colleagues)	3.53 (.67)	3.56 (.65)	3.51 (.65)	1.18	2	.31
Self-efficacy	3.17 (.77)	3.18 (.77)	3.15 (.78)	.36	2	.70
Intention	2.24 (1.93)	2.30 (1.99)	2.40 (2.02)	1.26	2	.29
Intention (Likeliness to change)	2.08 (1.10)	2.03 (1.08)	2.11 (1.08)	.81	2	.45
Intention (Strength)	3.49 (2.53)	3.48 (2.53)	3.67 (2.54)	1.09	2	.34
Implicit attitude	−.03 (.32)	−.06 (.32)	−.05 (.31)	2.82	2	.06
Red meat consumption (gr/week)	473.50 (435.77)	493.06 (388.34)	484.23 (344.78)	.57	2	.57

**n = 1461, due to incomplete answers

**n = 401, due to incomplete answers

Table 2. Correlations (and 95%CI) between study variables at baseline.

Study variables	Correlations
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11
1. Perceived Pros
2. Perceived Cons	−.49** (−.53 to .45)
3. Social Norms	−.23** (−.28 to .18)	.32** (.27-.37)
4. Social Modeling (family members)	.28** (.23-.33)	−.25** (−.30 to .20)	−.29** (−.34 to .24)
5. Social Modeling (friends)	.25** (.20–.30)	−.24** (−.29 to .19)	−.24** (−.29 to .19)	.41** (.36–.46)
6. Social Modeling (colleagues)	.13** (.06–.20)	−.14** (−.21 to .07)	−.17** (−.22 to .12)	.32** (.26–.38)	.50** (.45–.55)
7. Self-efficacy	−.33** (.08–.18)	.27** (−.19 to .09)	.09** (.04–.14)	−.09** (−.14 to .04)	−.07* (−.12 to .02)	−.05 (−.12 to .02)
8. Intention	−.28** (−.33 to .23)	.46** (.42–.50)	.26** (.21–.31)	−.14** (−.19 to .09)	−.16** (−.21 to 11)	−.08* (−.15 to .01)	.22** (.17–.27)
9. Intention (Likeliness to change)	−.36** (−.40 to .32)	.48** (.44–.52)	.29** (.24–.34)	−.19** (−.24 to .14)	−.20** (−.25 to 15)	−.11** (−.18 to .04)	.31** (.26–.36)	.71** (.68–.73)
10. Intention (Strength)	−.33** (−.38 to .28)	.46** (.42–.50)	.29** (.24–.34)	−.22** (−.27 to .17)	−.22** (−.27 to .17)	−.15** (−.22 to .08)	.27** (.22–.32)	.70** (.67–.73)	.82** (.80–.84)
11. Implicit attitude	.16** (.11–.21)	−.14** (−.19 to .09)	−.05* (−.01 to .001)	.04 (−.01 to .09)	.05 (−.01 to .10)	.04 (−.03 to .11)	−.10** (−.15 to .05)	−.06* (−.11 to .01)	−.08** (−.13 to .03)	−.07** (−.12 to .02)
12. Red Meat Consumption	.32** (.27–.37)	−.20** (−.25 to .15)	−.06* (−.11 to .01)	.14** (.09–.19)	.17** (.12–.22)	.11** (.04–.18)	−.20** (−.25 to .15)	−.11** (.−16 to .06)	−.17** (−.22 to .12)	−.19** (.14–.24)	.09** (.04–.14)

*p <.05.

**p < .01.

Table 3. Coefficients of the hierarchical multiple regression analysis with intention, intention likeliness, and intention strength at T1 as dependent variables. Implicit attitude is added in step 3.

Block	Independent variables	Intention at T1					Intention Likeliness at T1					Intention Strength at T1
		B	SE	β	95%CI	p	B	SE	β	95%CI	p	B	SE	β	95%CI	p
1	Gender	0.16	0.25	0.04	−0.33 to 0.65	0.51	0.23	0.13	0.10	−0.04 to 0.49	0.09	0.60	0.30	0.12	0.01–1.19	0.05
	Age	0.01	0.01	0.06	−0.01 to 0.03	0.33	0.01	0.01	0.09	−0.003 to 0.02	0.14	0.02	0.01	0.08	−0.01 to 0.04	0.18
	Education	0.29	0.10	0.18	0.09 to 0.49	0.004	0.13	0.05	0.15	0.02 to 0.24	0.02	0.25	0.12	0.13	0.01 to 0.49	0.04
2	Gender	−0.21	0.23	−0.05	−0.66 to 0.25	0.37	−0.05	0.12	−0.02	−0.28 to 0.18	0.65	−0.02	0.26	−0.004	−0.54 to 0.50	0.94
	Age	0.02	0.01	0.11	0.00–0.03	0.05	0.01	0.00	0.13	0.00–0.02	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.12	0.003–0.04	0.03
	Education	0.13	0.09	0.08	−0.05 to 0.31	0.16	0.04	0.05	0.05	−0.05 to 0.13	0.38	0.06	0.11	0.03	−0.14 to 0.27	0.55
	Perceived Pros	0.20	0.24	0.05	−0.27 to 0.67	0.40	−0.10	0.12	−0.05	−0.34 to 0.14	0.40	−0.02	0.27	−0.004	−0.55 to 0.52	0.94
	Perceived Cons	1.53	0.23	0.43	1.08–1.98	<.001	0.89	0.12	0.47	0.66–1.12	<.001	2.10	0.26	0.49	1.58–2.61	<.001
	Social Norms	0.50	0.14	0.20	0.22–0.78	0.001	0.24	0.07	0.18	0.09–0.38	0.001	0.48	0.16	0.16	0.16–0.80	0.001
	Social Modeling (partner)	0.36	0.71	0.03	−1.04 to 1.76	0.61	0.59	0.36	0.08	−0.12 to 1.30	0.10	1.16	0.81	0.07	−0.44 to 2.76	0.16
	Social Modeling (family members)	0.31	0.18	0.10	−0.05 to 0.67	0.10	0.05	0.09	0.03	−0.13 to 0.24	0.56	0.24	0.21	0.07	−0.17 to 0.65	0.25
	Social Modeling (friends)	−0.07	0.22	−0.02	−0.50 to 0.36	0.75	−0.06	0.11	−0.04	−0.28 to 0.15	0.56	−0.29	0.25	−0.07	−0.78 to 0.20	0.24
	Social Modeling (colleagues)	0.07	0.19	0.02	−0.29 to 0.44	0.69	0.10	0.10	0.06	−0.09 to 0.28	0.32	0.03	0.21	0.01	−0.39 to 0.45	0.91
	Self-efficacy	0.20	0.15	0.07	−0.10 to 0.49	0.19	0.11	0.08	0.07	−0.04 to 0.26	0.15	0.11	0.17	0.03	−0.23 to 0.45	0.54
3	Gender	−0.23	0.23	−0.06	−0.67 to 0.22	0.32	−0.06	0.12	−0.03	−0.29 to 0.17	0.60	−0.04	0.26	−0.01	−0.55 to 0.48	0.89
	Age	0.02	0.01	0.11	−0.001 to 0.03	0.06	0.01	0.004	0.13	0.002 to 0.02	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.12	0.002 to 0.04	0.03
	Education	0.13	0.09	0.08	−0.05 to 0.31	0.16	0.04	0.05	0.05	−0.05 to 0.13	0.38	0.06	0.11	0.03	−0.14 to 0.27	0.55
	Perceived Pros	0.29	0.24	0.07	−0.18 to 0.75	0.23	−0.06	0.12	−0.03	−0.30 to 0.18	0.60	0.05	0.27	0.01	−0.49 to 0.59	0.86
	Perceived Cons	1.54	0.23	0.43	1.09–1.98	<.001	0.89	0.12	0.47	0.66–1.12	<.001	2.10	0.26	0.49	1.59–2.62	<.001
	Social Norms	0.49	0.14	0.19	0.21–0.76	0.001	0.23	0.07	0.17	0.09–0.37	0.002	0.47	0.16	0.16	0.15–0.79	0.004
	Social Modeling (partner)	0.29	0.71	0.02	−1.10 to 1.67	0.68	0.56	0.36	0.08	−0.15 to 1.27	0.12	1.10	0.81	0.07	−0.49 to 2.70	0.18
	Social Modeling (family members)	0.30	0.18	0.10	−0.06 to 0.65	0.10	0.05	0.09	0.03	−0.13 to 0.23	0.59	0.23	0.21	0.07	−0.18 to 0.64	0.27
	Social Modeling (friends)	−0.06	0.22	−0.02	−0.49 to 0.37	0.78	−0.06	0.11	−0.03	−0.28 to 0.16	0.59	−0.28	0.25	−0.07	−0.77 to 0.21	0.26
	Social Modeling (colleagues)	0.09	0.19	0.03	−0.27 to 0.45	0.63	0.10	0.09	0.06	−0.08 to 0.29	0.28	0.04	0.21	0.01	−0.38 to 0.46	0.86
	Self-efficacy	0.19	0.15	0.07	−0.11 to 0.48	0.21	0.11	0.08	0.07	−0.04 to 0.26	0.16	0.10	0.17	0.03	−0.24 to 0.44	0.56
	Implicit attitude	−0.83	0.35	−0.12	−1.52 to 0.13	0.02	−0.38	0.18	−0.10	−0.73 to 0.03	0.04	−0.67	0.41	−0.08	−1.47 to 0.13	0.10

Note. B = unstandardised regression coefficient; β = standardised regression coefficient.