Psychological contribution to understanding the nature of dry eye disease: a cross-sectional study of anxiety sensitivity and dry eyes

Figures & data

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the participants (N = 381) as a percentage of the sample.

Charachteristic	n	%
Age
18–24	19	4.9
25–34	147	38.6
35–44	88	23.1
45–54	73	19.2
55–64	41	10.8
65–74	9	2.4
75 or older	4	1
Gender
Female	256	67.2
Male	125	32.8
Educational level
Primary school	3	0.8
High school	121	31.8
BA or MA	207	54.3
PhD	50	13.1
Working status
Employed	313	82.2
Unemployed	28	7.3
Student	25	6.6
Retired	15	3.9
OSDI category
Normal (≤15)	162	42.5
Mild (16–30)	132	34.6
Moderate (31–44)	66	17.3
Severe (≥45)	21	5.5

Table 2. Correlation matrix of the used variables, means, standard deviations, and ranges (N = 381).

Measure	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	M	SD	Range
1. Gender^a	–
2. Age	.14**	–									39.72	12.38	20–89
3. OSDI	−.20**	.12*	–								19.91	14.47	0–72.92
4. ASI	−.17**	−.12**	.33**	–							18.61	11.00	0–60
5. ASI-phy	−.16**	−.01	.27**	.94**	–						9.03	6.54	0–32
6. ASI-psy	−.16**	−.20**	.35**	.89**	.71**	–					5.35	4.35	0–24
7. ASI-soc	−.10	−.20**	.18**	.55**	.37**	.42**	–				4.23	1.82	0–8
8. DASS-21	−.20**	−.10	.28**	.59**	.49**	.60**	.32**	–			10.93	10.61	0–55
9. DASS-dep	−.14**	−.05	.22**	.47**	.36**	.49**	.29**	.91**	–		3.47	4.09	0–21
10. DASS-anx	−.09	−.06	.28**	.58**	.51**	.56**	.28**	.87**	.68**	–	2.29	3.12	0–18
11. DASS-stress	−.27**	−.13*	.31**	.58**	.49**	.59**	.30**	.93**	.76**	.74**	5.2	4.45	0–20

Note: ^afemale = 1, male = 2; OSDI – Ocular Suface Disease Index; ASI – Anxiety Sensitivity Index, ASI-phy – ASI Physical Concerns subscale, ASI-psy – ASI Psychological Concerns subscale, ASI-soc – ASI Social Concerns subscale; DASS-21 – Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale; short form, DASS-dep – DASS-21 depression subscale; DASS-anx – DASS-21 anxiety subscale; DASS-stress – DASS-21 stress subscale; *p < .05, **p < .01.

Table 3. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses predicting OSDI Score from demographic variables, DASS and ASI scores.

Predictor	ΔR²	β	95% CI
Step 1	.07**
Gender		−.23**	[−.34, −.13]
Age		.14*	[.03, .25]
Step 2	.07**
Gender		−.18**	[−.29, −.08]
Age		.16**	[.06, .27]
DASS-21		.26**	[.16, .37]
Step 3	.03*
Gender		−.17**	[−.28, −.07]
Age		.17**	[.08, .28]
DASS-21		.13*	[.01, .26]
ASI		.23**	[.11, .36]
Total R²	.17**
N	334

Note: OSDI – Ocular Surface Disease Index; DASS-21 - Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, short form; ASI – Anxiety Sensitivity Index; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.

Table 4. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses predicting OSDI score from demographic variables, DASS and ASI scores.

Predictor	ΔR²	β	95% CI
Step 1	.07**
Gender		−.23**	[−.34, −.13]
Age		.14*	[.03, .25]
Step 2	.08**
Gender		−.18**	[−.29, −.07]
Age		.17**	[.07, .28]
DASS-dep		−.04	[−.20, .12]
DASS-anx		.15	[−.01, .30]
DASS-stress		.19*	[.01, .38]
Step 3	.06**
Gender		−.17**	[−.28, −.07]
Age		.22**	[.13, .34]
DASS-dep		−.09	[−.24, .07]
DASS-anx		.08	[−.08, .24]
DASS-stress		.12	[−.07, .30]
ASI-phy		−.07	[−.22, .07]
ASI-psy		.30**	[.15, .46]
ASI-soc		.08	[−.02, .19]
Total R²	.20**
N	334

Note: OSDI – Ocular Surface Disease Index, DASS-21 – Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale; short form, DASS-dep – DASS-21 depression subscale; DASS-anx – DASS-21 anxiety subscale; DASS-stress – DASS-21 stress subscale, ASI – Anxiety Sensitivity Index, ASI-phy – ASI Physical Concerns subscale, ASI-psy – ASI Psychological Concerns subscale, ASI-soc- ASI Social Concerns subscale, *p < .05, **p < .01.