Anxiety and depression among Kosovar university students during the initial phase of outbreak and lockdown of COVID-19 pandemic

Figures & data

Table 1. Individual and Covid-19 pandemics contextual related experiences and concerns association with anxiety and depression.

Variables	Frequency	Anxiety, mean (SD)	Depression, mean (SD)
Gender
Female	769 (85.1)	6.70 (3.97)	5.94 (3.56)
Male	135 (14.0)	4.90 (3.46)	5.22 (3.46)
		[t (889) = t = 4.937; p = .001*]	[t (885) = 2.110; p = .035*]
Experienced isolation doubted infection?
No	890 (98.5)	6.42 (3.94)	5.81 (3.55)
Yes	14 (1.5)	6.71 (4.77)	7.07 (3.55)
		[t (889) = –.270; p = .826]	[t (885) = –.1282; p = .226*]
Do you personally know someone was tested positive with the COVID-19?
No	763 (84.6)	6.23 (3.84)	5.66 (3.51)
Yes	139 (15.4)	7.54 (4.36)	6.77 (3.63)
		[t (889) = –3.295; p = .001*]	[t (885) = –3.347; p = .001*]
Has anyone from your family or close friends been tested positive with the COVID-19?
No	871 (96.3)	6.37 (3.94)	5.79 (3.53)
Yes	33 (3.7)	8.03 (3.91)	6.88 (3.94)
		[t (889) = –2.380; p = .023*]	[t (885) = –1.560; p = .128*]
Do you need help from your university?
1. No need for help	318 (35.3)	4.98 (3.49)	4.70 (3.28)
2. Maybe a little	511 (56.7)	7.09 (3.90)	6.26 (3.50)
3. Yes I need help	73 (8.1)	8.22 (4.23)	7.73 (3.67)
		F(3,890) = 38.96; p = .001, 1 < 2*, 1 < 3*,	F(3,886) = 15.564; p = .001, 1 < 2*, 1 < 3*, 2 < 3*

Table 2. Severity of anxiety and depression according to cut of scores.

	Normal	Mild	Moderate	Severe	Missing
Anxiety	560 (61.9)	202 (22.3)	98 (10.8)	33 (3.7)	11 (1.2%)
Depression	637 (70.5)	167 (18.5)	71 (8)	14 (1.5)	15 (1.7%)

Table 3. Bivariate correlations between Covid-19 pandemics contextual related experiences and concerns association with anxiety and depression.

	n	M (SD)	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
1. Anxiety	891	6.43 (3.95)	1
2. Depression	887	5.83 (3.56)	0.712**	1
3. Seek information	902	3.38 (1.03)	0.209**	0.153**	1
4. Concern financial problems	894	2.37 (1.29)	0.192**	0.222**	0.098**	1
5. Concern loneliness	890	1.91 (.965)	0.489**	0.521**	0.057	0.171**	1
6. Concern family health	893	2.59 (1.01)	0.376**	0.280**	0.134**	0.159**	0.218**	1
7. Problems online lectures	892	2.12 (1.02)	0.296**	0.326**	−0.039	0.094**	0.238**	0.183**	1
8. Problems course projects	899	2.31 (1.05)	0.319**	0.344**	−0.032	0.116*	0.312**	0.236**	0.753**	1

Table 4. Summary of hierarchical regression analysis for variables predicting anxiety among university students during COVID-19 lockdown.

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
	B	St. err	Beta	B	St. err	Beta	B	St. err	Beta
Gender (1 = female)	−1.836	0.369	−1.67**	−1.705	0.360	−0.155**	−1.453	0.295	−0.132**
Age	−0.044	0.042	−0.035	−0.036	0.041	−0.029	−0.001	0.842	−0.001
Isolation risk infection				0.663	1.028	0.021	−0.151	0.842	−0.005
Know someone infected				0.910	0.264	0.125**	0.434	0.217	0.060*
Family or friend infected				−0.101	0.551	−0.007	0.341	0.451	0.022
Seek information				0.760	0.125	0.199**	0.570	0.103	0.149**
Concern loneliness							1.485	0.117	0.362**
Concern family health							0.802	0.111	0.204**
Problems online lectures							0.402	0.159	0.104*
Problems course projects							0.069	0.157	0.018
Needs assistance from university							0.854	0.193	0.129**
R^2		0.030			0.080			0.391
F for change in R^2		13.52**			13.520**			47.48**

Table 5. Summary of hierarchical regression analysis for variables predicting depression among university students during COVID-19 lockdown.

	Model 1			Model 2			Model 3
Gender	−0.743	0.338	−0.075*	−0.656	0.333	−0.066*	−0.463	0.272	−0.047
Age	−0.002	0.038	−0.002	0.004	0.038	−0.004	0.037	0.031	0.033
Isolation risk infection				1.442	0.979	0.049	0.399	0.800	0.014
Know someone infected				0.815	0.246	0.124**	0.381	0.201	0.058*
Family or friend infected				−0.496	0.509	−0.036	−0.110	0.414	−0.008
Seek information				0.511	0.115	0.148**	0.395	0.095	0.115**
Concern loneliness							0.264	0.078	0.095**
Concern family health							0.374	0.101	0.106**
Problems online lectures							0.471	0.146	0.135**
Problems course projects							0.179	0.144	0.053
Needs assistance from university							0.447	0.177	0.075*
R^2		0.003			0.037			0.368
F for change in R^2		2.449			8.401**			42.932**