Health behaviors of German university freshmen during COVID-19 in association with health behaviors of close social ties, living arrangement, and time spent with peers

Figures & data

Table 1. Associations of living with social ties and social tie's health behavior with students’ current health behavior (Multiple regression analysis).

	Participant HB: Current Eating			Participant HB: Current PA			Participant HB: Current # of Drinks Consumed Monthly			Participant HB: Current Binge Drinking
	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β
Parents’ HB	.05	.29	.01	1.53	.49	.21^a	1.06	1.31	.06	.10	.09	.08
Living with Parents	−.13	.45	−.02	−.49	.99	−.04	−2.40	2.28	−.07	−.15	.15	−.07
Parents’ HB x Living with Parents	.95	.67	.10	1.82	1.17	.11	1.48	3.08	.03	.22	.21	.08
ΔR^2 Step 1		.00			.05^a			.01			.01
ΔR^2 Step 2		.01			.01			.01			.01
ΔR^2 Total		.01			.06^a			.02			.02
Partner's HB	.67	.50	.16	2.06	.68	.34^a	8.93	1.98	.49^b	.47	.16	.34^a
Living with Partner	.53	.70	.08	.62	1.38	.05	−2.97	2.35	−.12	−.16	.20	−.09
Partner's HB x Living with Partner	−.47	.91	−.06	−1.50	1.39	−.12	−7.28	3.62	−.22^a	−.39	.30	−.15
ΔR^2 Step 1		.03			.10^a			.17^a			.08^a
ΔR^2 Step 2		.03			.01			.04^b			.02
ΔR^2 Total		.06			.11^a			.21^b			.10^a
Peers’ HB	.92	.31	.21^a	2.64	.57	.31^b	5.39	1.56	.23^a	.47	.10	.30^b
Living with Peers	−.12	.37	−.02	.28	.79	.02	6.27	3.29	.23	.75	.21	.41^a
Peers’ HB x Living with Peers	−.59	.62	−.07	.21	1.14	.01	.87	3.12	.03	.44	.20	.25^a
ΔR^2 Step 1		.04^a			.10^b			.10^b			.13^b
ΔR^2 Step 2		.01			.00			.00			.02^a
ΔR^2 Total		.05^a			.10^b			.10^b			.15^b

Note: HB: health behavior; B: unstandardized regression coefficient; SE: standard error. β: standardized regression coefficient. Step 1 assessed main effects and step 2 the interaction effect. Living with a particular social tie was represented as a dummy variable. Social tie's HB refers to the corresponding participant behavior. For the interaction, social ties’ HB and coresidence with said social tie were centered at their means. ^a p < .05, ^b p < .01.

Table 2. Associations of living with social ties and social tie's health behavior with students’ expected health behavior (Multiple regression analysis).

	Participant HB: Expected Eating			Participant HB: Expected PA			Participant HB: Expected # of Drinks Consumed Monthly			Participant HB: Expected Binge Drinking
	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β
Parents’ HB	−.49	.29	−.12	1.41	.49	.20^a	.71	1.22	.04	.03	.09	.02
Living with Parents	−.03	.45	−.01	−.16	.98	−.01	−2.46	2.12	−.08	−.22	.16	−.10
Parents’ HB x Living with Parents	−.14	.67	−.01	.42	1.17	.03	−2.62	2.85	−.07	.01	.21	.01
ΔR^2 Step 1		.01			.04^a			.01			.01
ΔR^2 Step 2		.00			.01			.01			.00
ΔR^2 Total		.01			.05^a			.02			.01
Partner's HB	−.82	.31	−.32^a	2.04	.63	.36^a	8.24	2.19	.42^b	.47	.16	.35^a
Living with Partner	.13	.43	.03	.84	1.29	.07	−4.09	2.60	−.16	−.12	.19	−.07
Partner's HB x Living with Partner	−.03	.55	−.01	−1.15	1.20	−.10	−7.07	3.99	−.20	−.58	.29	−.23^a
ΔR^2 Step 1		.10^a			.12^a			.14^a			.06
ΔR^2 Step 2		.00			.01			.03			.04^a
ΔR^2 Total		.01^a			.13^a			.17^a			.10^a
Peers’ HB	−1.21	.69	−.12	1.89	.58	.22	5.51	1.44	.25^b	.53	.10	.33^b
Living with Peers	−.42	.82	−.04	.19	.80	.02	3.09	3.04	.12	.48	.22	.26^a
Peers’ HB x Living with Peers	2.18	1.38	.11	−.49	1.16	−.03	−1.89	2.89	−.08	.16	.21	.09
ΔR^2 Step 1		.02			.05^a			.10^b			.15^b
ΔR^2 Step 2		.01			.00			.00			.01
ΔR^2 Total		.03			.05^a			.10^b			.16^b

Note: HB: health behavior; B: unstandardized regression coefficient; SE: standard error; β: standardized regression coefficient. Step 1 assessed main effects and step 2 the interaction effect. Living with a particular social tie was represented as a dummy variable. Social tie's HB refers to the corresponding participant behavior. For the interaction, social ties’ HB and coresidence with said social tie were centered at their means. ^ap < .05, ^bp < .01.

Table 3. Associations of social tie's efforts to motivate unhealthy behaviors and social tie's health behavior with students’ current health behavior (Multiple regression analysis).

	Participant HB: Current Eating			Participant HB: Current PA			Participant HB: Current # of Drinks Consumed Monthly			Participant HB: Current Binge Drinking
	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β
Parents’ HB	−.37	.52	−.08	1.48	.51	.21	.34	1.29	.02	.08	.09	.06
Parents’ Motivation UB	−.35	.42	−.09	1.25	.81	.11	−7.62	2.57	−.23^a	−.23	.18	−.11
Parents’ HB x Parents’ Motivation UB	−.09	.71	−.02	−.17	1.30	−.01	−1.82	3.13	−.05	−.04	.22	−.01
ΔR^2 Step 1		.01			.06^a			.07^a			.02
ΔR^2 Step 2		.00			.00			.01			.00
ΔR^2 Total		.01			.06^a			.08^a			.02
Partner's HB	.57	.46	.14	1.92	.66	.32^a	6.95	1.97	.38^a	.39	.16	.28^a
Partner's Motivation UB	−.15	.46	−.04	.34	.92	.04	.11	1.65	.01	.01	.14	.01
Partner's HB x Partner's Motivation UB	−.12	.51	−.03	−.41	.78	−.06	−1.28	2.16	−.06	.04	.18	.03
ΔR^2 Step 1		.02			.09^b			.16^a			.07^a
ΔR^2 Step 2		.01			.01			.01			.01
ΔR^2 Total		.03			.10^b			.17^a			.08^a
Peers’ HB	.88	.31	.20^a	2.65	.57	.31^b	3.01	1.64	.13	.28	.11	.18^a
Peers’ Motivation UB	.22	.24	.06	.14	.64	.02	−1.87	1.76	−.11	−.24	.12	−.21^a
Peers’ HB x Peers’ Motivation UB	−.04	.35	−.01	.02	.86	.01	3.71	1.81	.21^a	.14	.12	.12
ΔR^2 Step 1		.04^a			.10^b			.12^b			.17^b
ΔR^2 Step 2		.00			.00			.02^a			.01
ΔR^2 Total		.04^a			.10^b			.14^b			.18^b

Note: HB: health behavior; B: unstandardized regression coefficient; SE: standard error. β: standardized regression coefficient. Step 1 assessed main effects and step 2 the interaction effect. Social tie's HB and social tie's motivation for health behavior refer to the corresponding participant behavior. For the interaction, social ties’ HB and their efforts to motivate healthy behaviors were centered at their means. ^ap < .05, ^bp < .01.

Table 4. Associations of time spent with peers and living with parents with students’ current health behavior (Hierarchical regression analysis).

	Participant HB: Current Eating			Participant HB: Current PA			Participant HB: Current # of Drinks Consumed Monthly			Participant HB: Current Binge Drinking
	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β
Age	−.01	.05		.03	.10	.02	−.09	.22	−.03	−.02	.02	−.08
Home Country	.95	.91		1.40	2.02	.05	−1.38	4.27	−.02	.35	.30	.09
Time with Peers	−.01	.03	−.03	−.08	.07	−.09	.72	.14	.36^b	.03	.01	.25^a
Living with Parents	.01	.46	.01	.01	1.02	.01	−2.26	2.16	−.07	−.12	.15	−.06
Time with Peers x Living with Parents	.43	.08	.04	−.19	.18	−.08	−.29	.38	−.05	.03	.03	.09
ΔR^2 Step 1		.01			.01			.02			.03
ΔR^2 Step 2		.01			.01			.13^b			.05^a
ΔR^2 Step 3		.01			.01			.01			.01
ΔR^2 Total		.03			.03			.16^b			.09^a

Note: HB: health behavior; B: unstandardized regression coefficient; SE: standard error; β: standardized regression coefficient. Step 1 assessed main effects and step 2 the interaction effect. Home country was represented as a dummy variable with 1 indicating that the home country is Germany and 0 indicating that the home country is abroad. Time with peers referred to number of hours per week. Time with peers and living with parents were centered at their means to compute their interaction. ^ap < .05, ^bp < .01.