Evaluation of smoking cessation interventions for veterans in HIV clinics in the United States: a theory-informed concurrent mixed-method study

Figures & data

Table 1. i-PARIHS constructs with examples of corresponding qualitative and ORCA questions.

i-PARIHS Construct	Example Qualitative Questions	Example ORCA Items
Innovation	Please describe your perceptions of the need, or lack of need, for smoking cessation among HIV patients at your clinic. Tell me about what kind of background, experience, and training you might have with smoking cessation treatments? How does smoking cessation impact clinical processes?	Integrated smoking cessation treatment will improve health outcomes for patients with HIV. Integrated smoking cessation treatment for patients with HIV is supported by RCTs or other scientific evidence from VA.
Recipients	What do you hear patients say about the desire or need for smoking cessation? How successful do you think smoking cessation is among your patients? Could you please describe the extent to which, if at all, smoking cessation treatment occurs with HIV patients at your clinic?	Integrated smoking cessation treatment for patients with HIV are supported by clinical experience with VA patients. Integrated smoking cessation treatment for patients with HIV take into consideration the needs and preferences of VA patients. Staff members in your organization are receptive to change in clinical processes.
Context	What are the challenges of offering smoking cessation at your clinic? What are the things regarding smoking cessation that are working well at your clinic? What roles do departmental of facility leadership play in providing smoking cessation services?	Senior leadership/clinical management in your organization solicit opinions of clinical staff regarding decision about patient care. Senior leadership/clinical management in your organization promote communication among clinical services and units. In general in my organization, when there is agreement that change needs to happen we have the necessary support in forms of training/facilities/staffing.
Facilitation	Have you heard of or received a copy of the HIV Provider Smoking Cessation Handbook? What types of facilitation – in terms of focus and delivery strategies- would you prefer to receive? What are your colleagues’ facilitation needs?	Senior leadership/clinical management will provide clear goals for improvement in patient care. The implementation team members have staff support and other resources required for the project.

Table 2. Organizational readiness to change assessment data.

Scale	Subscale	Mean (SD)
Evidence/Innovation		4.24 (0.36)
	Research	4.41 (0.41)
	Patient Preferences	4.06 (0.48)
	Clinical Experiences	3.91 (0.63)
Context		3.81 (0.56)
	Staff Culture	4.13 (0.58)
	Opinion Leaders	4.07 (0.44)
	Measurement	3.94 (0.68)
	Leadership Culture	3.82 (0.84)
	Leadership	3.72 (0.96)
	Resources	3.11 (0.93)
Facilitation	3.85 (0.45)
	Project Evaluation	4.19 (0.50)
	Implementation Plan	4.00 (0.56)
	Project Communication	3.92 (0.59)
	Clinical Champion	3.89 (0.42)
	Project Progress Tracking	3.86 (0.45)
	Leaders’ Practices	3.80 (0.51)
	Leadership Implementation Roles	3.76 (0.65)
	Project Resources	3.73 (0.65)
	Implementation Team Roles	3.67 (0.67)

Note: ORCA answer responses range from 1=strongly disagree to 5=strongly agree.

Table 3. Respondent demographic characteristics (N = 19).

Variable	N	%
Gender
Male	10	52.6
Female	9	47.5
Clinical job position*
Nurse Practitioner	3	15.8
Physician /PA	16	84.2
Education Level
≤ Graduate degree*	5	26.4
Medical degree	14	73.7
Race
White	15	78.9
POC*	4	21.1
Ethnicity
Hispanic	2	10.5
Non-Hispanic	17	89.5
Smoking Status
Not a smoker	19	100
Age (M ± SD)	47.3 ± 13.5
Length of time employed by VA (M ± SD)	12.8 ± 12.2

POC = people of color; VA = veteran’s affairs.

*Categories combined due to small values and to maintain participant confidentiality.

Data availability statement

Data for the results in the manuscript can be available from the first author upon request.