Risk factors for drug therapy problems among Cambodian Americans with complex needs: a cross-sectional, observational study

Figures & data

Table 1. Demographic characteristics (n = 63).

Characteristic	Frequency	Percentage
Gender
Female	52	82.5%
Male	11	17.5
Age
Mean ± SD	55.1 ± 8.4
Marital status
Married	33	52.4%
Not married	30	47.6
Household number
1	7	11.1%
2	12	19.0
3–4	23	36.5
5+	21	33.3
Home language
Khmer	55	87.3%
English	6	9.5
Other	2	3.2
Household income
Under $20,000	26	41.3%
$20,000–30,000	16	25.4
$31,000–40,000	6	9.5
Over $40,000	6	9.5
Don’t know/Refuse	9	14.4
Employment status
Working	18	28.6%
Not working	43	68.3
Don’t know/Refuse	2	3.2
Years education
Mean ± SD	6.4 ± 5.2
Health insurance
Medicare	18	28.6%
Medicaid	19	30.2
Private	20	31.7
None/Don’t know	6	9.6

Note: SD, standard deviation.

Table 2. Drug therapy problems (n = 63).

Problem	Frequency	Percentage
Appropriateness
0	35	55.6%
1	15	23.8
2+	13	20.6
Mean ± SD	0.9 ± 1.4
Effectiveness
0	48	76.2%
1	11	17.5
2+	4	6.3
Mean ± SD	0.3 ± 0.7
Safety
0	23	36.5%
1	19	30.2
2+	21	33.3
Mean ± SD	1.8 ± 2.4
Adherence
0	43	68.3%
1	11	17.5
2+	9	14.3
Mean ± SD	0.8 ± 1.5
Total
Mean ± SD	3.7 ± 3.1	Range: 0–15

Note: SD, standard deviation.

Table 3. Zero order correlations among participant characteristics and major categories of drug therapy problems.

Measures	Appropriateness problems	Effectiveness problems	Safety problems	Adherence problems	Total problems
Demographics
Age	0.25	0.14	0.07	0.12	0.26*
Sex	0.07	−0.04	−0.13	−0.23	−0.19
Income	−0.05	0.04	−0.21	−0.17	−0.27*
Employment	−0.01	0.01	−0.12	−0.01	−0.10
Insurance	0.30	0.21	0.17	0.26	0.26
Understanding
Speak English	−0.01	−0.06	−0.02	−0.22	−0.14
Read English	0.00	−0.17	−0.14	−0.11	−0.20
Write English	0.10	−0.12	−0.14	−0.17	−0.17
Difficult Communicate	−0.06	0.14	0.11	−0.11	−0.04
Diabetes Quiz	−0.01	−0.06	−0.23	−0.25*	−0.32*
Social determinants
Social Support	0.05	0.17	−0.21	−0.24	−0.22
Married	0.00	0.05	−0.32*	−0.31*	−0.39**
Living Alone	0.07	−0.17	0.05	0.19	−0.13
Physical function
Current Health	−0.01	−0.11	0.22	−0.03	0.21
Change in Health	−0.11	−0.06	−0.37**	0.06	−0.25*
Mental health
Trauma	0.33**	0.13	0.10	−0.14	0.19
Anxiety	0.12	0.02	0.27*	−0.10	0.22
Depression	0.22	−0.11	0.28*	−0.05	0.26*

*p < .05, **p < .01.

Table 4. Multivariate Poisson regression model predicting total number of drug treatment problems.

	Model^a
Predictors	IRR	95% CI	P-value
Age	1.02	1.00–1.04	.078
Income	0.96	0.79–1.15	.622
Diabetes Quiz	0.96	0.90–1.01	.139
Married	0.70	0.50–0.99	.048*
Change in Health	0.97	0.83–1.14	.709
Hopkins Depression	1.26	1.01–1.56	.039*

*p < .05

^a Model controls for number of medications.