Restrictions on healthcare utilization and psychological distress among patients with diseases potentially vulnerable to COVID-19; the JACSIS 2020 study

Figures & data

Table 1. Summary of demographics and restriction in healthcare utilization.

	Overall (N = 6,360)		Hypertension (n = 4,599)		Diabetes (n = 1,565)		Respiratory disease (n = 1,114)		Cardiovascular disease (n = 642)		Cancer (n = 455)
	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%	N	%
Age, M ± SD	59.99	14.16	62.14	12.39	60.82	13.86	48.76	17.74	56.68	18.38	56.74	18.03
Gender (male)	3,914	61.5	2,938	63.9	1,157	73.9	540	48.5	464	72.3	267	58.7
Education
high school or below	2,251	35.5	1,643	35.7	574	36.7	355	31.9	241	37.5	137	30.1
college, vocational school or above	4,096	64.5	2,945	64.0	987	63.1	757	68.0	401	62.5	318	69.9
Employment status
full-time	2,763	43.4	1,945	42.3	733	46.8	538	48.3	295	46.0	190	41.8
part-time	610	9.6	424	9.2	115	7.3	129	11.6	48	7.5	48	10.5
not working	2,987	47.0	2,230	48.5	717	45.8	447	40.1	299	46.6	217	47.7
Marital Status
married	4,464	70.2	3,354	72.9	1,094	69.9	623	55.9	386	60.1	294	64.6
single	1,062	16.7	636	13.8	287	18.3	340	30.5	151	23.5	106	23.3
divorce	360	5.7	284	6.2	83	5.3	49	4.4	51	7.9	23	5.1
widow	474	7.5	325	7.1	101	6.5	102	9.2	54	8.4	32	7.0
Comorbidity	1,518	23.9	1,315	28.6	969	61.9	455	40.8	505	78.7	289	63.5
History of mental disorder	939	14.8	555	12.1	292	18.7	360	32.3	223	34.7	147	32.3
Pain	4,381	68.9	3,107	67.6	1,032	65.9	867	77.8	464	72.3	317	69.7
Health status^a, M ± SD	3.25	0.99	3.28	0.97	3.09	1.00	3.10	1.06	3.04	1.09	2.97	1.07
Psychological distress (K6 ≧ 13)	479	7.5	263	5.7	120	7.7	187	16.8	87	13.6	54	11.9
Restriction in healthcare utilization
I got run out of medicines	286	4.5	144	3.1	73	4.7	127	11.4	44	6.9	22	4.8
My condition got deteriorated	253	4.0	141	3.1	87	5.6	103	9.2	46	7.2	29	6.4
I could not visit a hospital as scheduled or canceled a doctor visit	1,025	16.1	673	14.6	252	16.1	256	23.0	126	19.6	66	14.5
I could not visit a hospital for unexpected symptoms or ill condition	380	6.0	227	4.9	88	5.6	128	11.5	57	8.9	28	6.2
I could not get hospitalized	82	1.3	42	0.9	35	2.2	37	3.3	27	4.2	19	4.2
I could not take (or postponed) surgery	92	1.4	58	1.3	34	2.2	40	3.6	30	4.7	21	4.6
I could not take (or postponed) treatment other than surgery	136	2.1	76	1.7	47	3.0	46	4.1	35	5.5	20	4.4
I could not use a nursing-care service	51	0.8	21	0.5	20	1.3	33	3.0	24	3.7	15	3.3

ªHigher score indicates healthier status (range: 1–5).

Table 2. Standardized regression coefficient of psychological distress associated with demographics.

	Hypertension (n = 4,599)		Diabetes (n = 1,565)		Respiratory disease (n = 1,114)		Cardiovascular disease (n = 642)		Cancer (n = 455)
	β^b	p	β^b	p	β^b	p	β^b	p	β^b	p
Age	−0.22	<0.01	−0.30	<0.01	−0.32	<0.01	−0.32	<0.01	−0.38	<0.01
Gender
male	0 (reference)		0 (reference)		0 (reference)		0 (reference)		0 (reference)
female	0.09	<0.01	0.05	<0.05	0.06	<0.05	0.06	<0.05	−0.05	0.23
Education
high school or below	0.01	0.45	0.01	0.82	0.02	0.41	0.02	0.41	−0.01	0.77
college, vocational school or above	0 (reference)		0 (reference)		0 (reference)		0 (reference)		0 (reference)
Employment status
full-time or part-time	0.02	0.25	−0.02	0.54	0.02	0.50	0.02	0.50	−0.01	0.82
not working	0 (reference)		0 (reference)		0 (reference)		0 (reference)		0 (reference)
Marital Status
married	0 (reference)		0 (reference)		0 (reference)		0 (reference)		0 (reference)
others	0.02	0.09	−0.01	0.79	0.01	0.73	0.01	0.73	0.05	0.23
Comorbidity	0.00	0.77	0.01	0.51	0.07	<0.01	0.07	<0.01	0.03	0.45
History of mental disorder	0.25	<0.01	0.26	<0.01	0.31	<0.01	0.31	<0.01	0.26	<0.01
Pain	0.09	<0.01	0.10	<0.01	0.12	<0.01	0.12	<0.01	0.13	<0.01
Health statusª	−0.22	<0.01	−0.16	<0.01	−0.19	<0.01	−0.19	<0.01	−0.08	<0.05

ªHigher score indicates healthier status.

^b Adjusted by age, sex, education, employment, marital status, comorbidity, history of mental disorder, pain, and health status; Bold p < 0.05.

Table 3. Standardized regression coefficient of psychological distress associated with restriction in healthcare.

	Hypertension		Diabetes		Respiratory disease		Cardiovascular disease		Cancer
	β^a	p	β^a	p	β^a	p	β^a	p	β^a	p
I got run out of medicines	0.13	<.01	0.17	<.01	0.12	<.01	0.10	<.05	0.08	0.13
My condition got deteriorated	0.18	<.01	0.25	<.01	0.13	<.01	0.10	<.05	0.03	0.53
I could not visit a hospital as scheduled or canceled a doctor visit	0.11	<.01	0.11	<.01	0.10	<.01	0.13	<.01	−0.02	0.72
I could not visit a hospital for unexpected symptoms or ill condition	0.15	<.01	0.19	<.01	0.14	<.01	0.11	<.01	0.08	0.12

^a Adjusted by age, sex, education, employment, marital status, comorbidity, history of mental disorder, pain, and health status; Bold p < 0.05.

Data availability statement

This study was conducted using data collected as a part of JACSIS study. The data are available to any investigators if the request is approved by JACSIS study team.