Relationship between mental health and the quality of sleep during the first self-restraint in Japanese workers: a cross-sectional survey

Figures & data

Table 1. Means, standard deviations, and frequencies of main study variables (n = 512).

	n	%			M	SD	Median	(Min – Max)
Age			Age		46.84	13.40	46.00	(20-83)
20<39 year	172	33.6	Before self-restraint
40<59 year	239	46.7	Bed time	weekday	23:27	1:20	23:30	(18:30-30:00)
60 ≦ year	101	19.7	Rise time	weekday	6:28	1:11	6:30	(3:00-13:30)
Gender			Sleep duration	weekday	6:33	1:03	6:30	(3:15-9:30)
Male	317	61.9	Bed time	weekend	23:43	1:28	23:30	(18:30-30:30)
Female	195	38.1	Rise time	weekend	7:21	1:40	7:00	(3:00-14:00)
Educational level			Sleep duration	weekend	7:09	1:14	7:15	(1:00-12:15)
University education	285	55.7	During self-restraint
Others	214	41.8	Bed time	weekday	23:25	1:25	23:00	(18:30-30:00)
Marital status			Rise time	weekday	6:33	1:14	6:30	(2:00-13:30)
Married	285	55.7	Sleep duration	weekday	6:41	1:04	6:45	(3:15-10:00)
Others	226	44.1	Bed time	weekend	23:45	1:35	23:38	(18:30-30:30)
Employment status			Rise time	weekend	7:30	1:44	7:15	(2:00-14:00)
Full-time	388	75.8	Sleep duration	weekend	7:15	1:10	7:15	(3:15-11:45)
Others	116	22.7	Sleep quality (PSQI global score)		4.95	2.50	5	(0-16)
Children aged 0–5 years			PSQI C1		1.09	0.65	1	(0-3)
Yes	42	8.2	PSQI C2		0.90	0.90	1	(0-3)
No	470	91.8	PSQI C3		1.34	0.85	1	(0-3)
Children aged 6–17 years			PSQI C4		0.14	0.47	0	(0-3)
Yes	91	17.8	PSQI C5		0.94	0.57	1	(0-3)
No	421	82.2	PSQI C6		0.12	0.54	0	(0-3)
Chronic disease			PSQI C7		0.41	0.65	0	(0-3)
Yes	437	12.2	Social loneliness (DJGLS)		2.40	1.03	3	(0-3)
No	61	87.8	Emotional loneliness (DJGLS)		1.21	1.05	1	(0-3)
Mental disorder			Anxiety (HAD)		5.56	3.34	5	(0-18)
Yes	46	9.2	Depression (HAD)		7.37	4.04	7	(0-19)
No	454	90.8
Sleep disorder
Yes	30	6.0
No	469	94.0
Acute illness
Yes	8	1.6
No	500	98.4

n = number; M = mean; SD = standard deviation; PSQI C1 = sleep quality; PSQI C2 = sleep latency; PSQI C3 = sleep duration; PSQI C4 = habitual sleep efficiency; PSQI C5 = sleep disturbances; PSQI C6 = use of sleeping medication; PSQI C7 = daytime dysfunction.

Table 2 . Correlation coefficients for main study variables.

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17
1. Age
2. Gender	.11*
3. Educational level	−.11*	.27**
4. Marital status	.33**	0.07	0.07
5. Employment status	−0.05	.11*	0.08	−0.01
6. Physical isolated experience	−0.05	−.10*	0.06	0.04	−0.04
7. Children aged 0–5 years	−.20**	0.03	.13**	.24**	0.06	.11*
8. Children aged 6–17 years	−.10*	0.01	0.01	.30**	−0.03	0.08	.22**
9. Chronic disease	.29**	.09*	−0.06	0.08	−0.05	−0.01	−0.07	−0.01
10. Mental disorder	−0.05	0	0.04	−0.08	−0.03	0.01	0.01	−0.04	0.05
11. Sleep disorder	0.08	0.08	0.02	−0.06	−0.01	0.04	−0.04	−0.07	.20**	.27**
12. Acute illness	−0.03	0	0.01	0.02	−0.05	.10*	0.02	0.07	−0.05	0.02	0.04
13. Sleep quality (PSQI)	−0.02	−0.05	0.01	−.11*	−0.02	0.05	−0.04	−0.07	.11*	.26**	.25**	−0.02
14. Social loneliness (DJGLS)	0.01	.13**	−0.03	−0.08	0.04	−0.07	0.02	−0.08	0.04	0.06	0.02	−0.02	.16**
15. Emotional loneliness (DJGLS)	−.23**	−.14**	0.04	−.09*	−0.04	0.07	0.06	0	−0.02	.13**	0.02	0.02	.33**	0.06
16. Anxiety (HAD)	−.21**	−.10*	−0.06	−.17**	−0.01	−0.01	0	−0.07	−0.01	.16**	0.05	0	.45**	.19**	.50**
17. Depression (HAD)	−.21**	0.01	−0.03	−.18**	0.07	0.01	0.03	−0.01	−0.02	.12**	0.04	0.05	.34**	.28**	.37**	.61**

Table 3 . Stepwise multiple regression predicting anxiety.

	B	Std. Error	Beta	t	Sig.
F (4,462)=466, p < .001
(Constant)	2.868	0.405		7.074	p < .001
Predictors, (R^2 = 0.286)
Emotional loneliness (DJGLS)	1.487	0.128	0.462	11.595	p < .001
Social loneliness (DJGLS)	0.465	0.128	0.144	3.632	p < .001
Marital status	−0.708	0.268	−0.105	−2.64	p < .01
Mental disorder	0.961	0.457	0.084	2.106	p < .05

Table 4 . Stepwise multiple regression predicting depression.

	B	Std. Error	Beta	t	Sig.
F (5,461) =466, p <.001
(Constant)	4.674	0.844		5.538	p < .001
Predictors, (R^2 = 0.236)
Emotional loneliness (DJGLS)	1.247	0.162	0.324	7.707	p < .001
Social loneliness (DJGLS)	0.945	0.159	0.244	5.955	p < .001
Marital status	−0.909	0.352	−0.112	−2.583	p < .01
Employment status	−0.883	0.397	−0.091	2.226	p < .05
Age	−0.028	0.013	−0.092	−2.076	p < .05

Figure 1. The mediating effect of depression or anxiety on social loneliness and PSQI global score. *p < .05, **p < .01.

Figure 2. The mediating effect of depression or anxiety on emotional loneliness and PSQI global score. *p < .05, **p < .01.

Figure 3. The mediating effect of depression or anxiety on marital status and PSQI global score. *p < .05, **p < .01.

Figure 4. The mediating effect of anxiety on mental disorder and PSQI global score. *p < .05, **p < .01.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.