Influences on change in expected and actual health behaviors among first-year university students

Figures & data

Table 1. Change in Health-Related Expectations and Behavior Between Time 1 and Time 2.

	M1	SD1	M2	SD2	F	df	p
Behavior
FC	19.63	2.76	15.72	2.57	229.22	162	<.01
PA	22.85	5.79	13.88	5.96	149.82	162	<.01
ND	11.00	14.44	25.03	27.68	47.75	162	<.01
Frequency AU	3.98	4.54	10.09	8.87	84.27	162	<.01
Quantity AU	2.40	2.69	2.15	1.85	1.37	162	.25
BD	2.01	.94	1.97	.90	.21	162	.65
Expectation
FC	19.23	2.72	15.50	2.63	184.69	162	<.01
PA	21.34	5.68	15.91	5.84	57.76	162	<.01
ND	11.01	13.15	22.51	30.68	22.85	162	<.01
Frequency AU	3.93	3.87	8.37	8.67	47.20	162	<.01
Quantity AU	2.34	2.58	2.16	1.87	.71	162	.40
BD	1.90	.93	1.89	.85	.64	162	.94

Note. N = 163. FC = food consumption; PA = physical activity; ND = number of drinks consumed per month; BD = binge drinking; AU = alcohol use; M₁= mean score at time 1; SD₁= standard deviation at time 1; F = test of change in health behavior and health-related expectations between both times of measurement; df = degrees of freedom.

Figure 1. (a) Structural equations for food consumption. (b) Structural equations for physical activity. (c) Structural equations for number of drinks consumed per month. (d) Structural equations for binge drinking. Note. Standardized coefficients are shown. * p < .05, ** p < .01, *** p < .001.

Table 2. Associations of coping with expectation disconfirmation with students’ change in expected health behavior (regression analysis).

	Expected food consumption (T2)			Expected physical activity (T2)			Expected # of drinks consumed monthly (T2)			Expected binge drinking (T2)
	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β
HB at T1	.15	.08	.15	–.25	.08	–.24^b	.46	.18	.20^a	.35	.07	.38^b
Immunization	–.06	.05	–.11	–.27	.12	–.21^a	–.29	.62	–.04	–.03	.02	–.13
Assimilation	.07	.05	.13	.22	.10	.19^a	–.35	.53	–.06	–.01	.01	–.04
Accommodation	.02	.05	.04	.06	.10	.05	.01	.55	.01	–.01	.01	–.01
R^2		.04			.11^b			.05			.17^b

Note. N = 163. HB = health behavior. T₁/T₂ = first/second point of measurement. B = unstandardized regression coefficient. SE = standard error. β = standardized regression coefficient. HB at T₁ corresponds to the behavior represented in each column. ^ap < .05, ^bp < .01.

Table 3. Associations of social tie's efforts to motivate unhealthy behaviors with students’ change in current and expected health behavior (regression analysis).

	Current food consumption (T2)			Current physical activity (T2)			Current # of drinks consumed monthly (T2)			Current binge drinking (T2)
	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β
HB at T1	.28	.11	.31^a	–.24	.14	–.21	.68	.20	.38^b	.20	.13	.21
Parents’ Influence UB	–.13	.54	–.03	3.19	1.65	.25	14.69	6.29	.29^a	.26	.29	.13
Partner's Influence UB	–.22	.46	–.06	.01	1.30	.01	–3.06	3.89	–.11	.22	.18	.19
Peers’ Influence UB	–.09	.46	–.03	.37	1.56	.03	–6.24	3.37	–.24	–.20	.16	–.19
R^2		.11			.10			.33^b			.13
	Expected food consumption (T2)			Expected physical activity (T2)			Expected # of drinks consumed monthly (T2)			Expected binge drinking (T2)
	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β
Expected HB at T1	.19	.12	.19	–.25	.14	–.21	.15	.28	.07	.14	.12	.15
Parents’ Influence UB	.45	.57	.10	3.29	1.52	.28^a	14.89	9.21	.24	.39	.26	.22
Partner's Influence UB	–.72	.49	–.19	–.60	1.22	–.07	–1.78	5.75	–.05	.17	.16	.16
Peers’ Influence UB	–.47	.49	–.13	1.39	1.45	.13	–4.65	5.01	–.14	–.12	.14	–.13
R^2		.11			.13			.07			.09

Note. N = 163. HB = health behavior. T₁/T₂ = first/second point of measurement. B = unstandardized regression coefficient. SE = standard error. β = standardized regression coefficient. UB = unhealthy behavior. HB at T₁ corresponds to the behavior represented in each column. Social tie's influence for unhealthy behavior refers to the corresponding participant behavior. ^ap < .05, ^bp < .01.

Table 4. Associations of having moved out of the parental home with students’ change in current and expected health behavior (regression analysis).

	Current food consumption (T2)			Current physical activity (T2)			Current # of drinks consumed monthly (T2)			Current binge drinking (T2)
	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β
HB at T1	.22	.07	.24^b	–.27	.08	–.27^b	.70	.13	.37^b	.36	.07	.37^b
Moved Out of Parents’ Home	–.08	.45	–.01	–.12	1.04	–.01	17.06	4.42	.27^b	.45	.15	.22^b
R^2		.06^a			.07^b			.22^b			.19^b
	Expected food consumption (T2)			Expected physical activity (T2)			Expected # of drinks consumed monthly (T2)			Expected binge drinking (T2)
	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β	B	SE B	β
Expected HB at T1	.13	.08	.14	–.26	.08	–.26^b	.44	.18	.19^a	.33	.07	.37^b
Moved Out of Parents’ Home	–.37	.47	–.06	–.84	1.02	–.06	15.76	5.29	.23^b	.35	.14	.18^a
R^2		.02			.07^b			.10^b			.17^b

Note. N = 163. HB = health behavior. T₁/T₂ = first/second point of measurement. B = unstandardized regression coefficient. SE = standard error. β = standardized regression coefficient. HB at T₁ corresponds to the behavior represented in each column. Moving out of the parental home was represented as a dummy variable.

^a p < .05, ^bp < .01.