Well-being in children and adolescents with hearing/listening impairment from a special needs school during the Covid-19 pandemic: associations with stressful situations and self-efficacy

Figures & data

Table 1. Descriptive statistics and correlations for study variables.

Scale	No items	M	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1. Gender ^a
2. Age		14.95	2.02	.09
3. Hearing impairment ^b				-.15	-.05
4. Perceived stress everyday stressors ^c	7	2.65	0.57	.30**	.03	.02
5. Perceived stress pandemic-specific ^c	11	2.13	0.60	.14	-.06	.01	.64**
6. Perceived stress hearing-specific ^c	2	2.42	0.90	.47**	.08	-.01	.53**	.49**
7. Stressor occurrence everyday stressors ^d	7	0.45	0.25	.19	-.07	-.08	.23*	.28**	.28**
8. Stressor occurrence pandemic-specific ^d	11	0.64	0.17	.14	.15	-.09	-.03	-.03*	-.06**	.28**
9. Stressor occurrence hearing-specific ^d	2	0.68	0.36	.18	.25*	.00	.28**	.24*	.30**	.40**	.25*
10. Self-efficacy ^e	6	2.85	0.47	-.21	.01	.10	-.20	-.07*	-.38**	-.22*	-.01**	-.13**
11. Well-being ^f	10	35.62	7.15	-.24*	-.12	.05	-.40**	-.42**	-.37**	-.56**	-.27**	-.31**	.42**

Note: N = 86–90. ^a 0 = boys, 1 = girls. ^b 0 = D/HH, 1 = APD. Response format: ^c 1 = no stress at all to 4 = lots of stress. ^d 1 = yes, 0 = no. ^e 1 = never to 4 = always. ^f 10 = not at all to 50 = a lot.

*p < .05, **p < .01.

Figure 1. Occurrence of stressors and perceived stress. Alternative stress: a list of the twenty stressful situations, sorted by the occurrence as a percentage, and associated bars showing the level of perceived stress per stressful situation.

Table 2. Regression results for well-being with perceived stress and self-efficacy.

Variable	B	SE B	95% CI for B		Beta	R²	ΔR²
			LL	UL
Step 1						.09	.09*
Constant	40.92***	3.55	33.85	47.99
Gender ^a	−3.32*	1.53	−6.36	−0.29	-.23*
Age group	−2.48	1.52	−5.51	0.55	-.17
Impairment	−0.07	1.53	−3.11	2.97	-.01
Step 2						.38	.29***
Constant	35.11***	6.21	22.76	47.47
Gender ^a	−1.63	1.51	−4.63	1.38	-.11
Age group	−2.46	1.30	−5.04	0.13	-.17
Impairment	−0.14	1.31	−2.75	2.46	-.01
PS everyday stressors	−1.08	1.60	−4.28	2.11	-.09
PS pandemic-specific	−4.20**	1.53	−7.24	−1.16	-.35**
PS hearing-specific	0.43	0.99	−1.54	2.41	.06
Self-efficacy	5.55***	1.49	2.59	8.51	.37***

Note: N = 86. CI = confidence interval; LL = lower limit; UL = upper limit. PS = perceived stress.

^a 0 = boys, 1 = girls.

*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.

Table 3. Regression results for well-being with stressor occurrence and self-efficacy.

Variable	B	SE B	95% CI for B		Beta	R²	ΔR²
			LL	UL
Step 1						.09	.09*
Constant	40.92***	3.56	33.85	47.99
Gender^a	−3.32*	1.53	−6.36	−0.29	-.23*
Age group	−2.48	1.52	−5.51	0.55	-.17
Impairment	−0.07	1.53	−3.11	2.97	-.01
Step 2						.46	.36***
Constant	35.95***	5.17	25.65	46.25
Gender ^a	−1.04	1.26	−3.54	1.46	-.07
Age group	−2.19	1.32	−4.81	0.43	-.15
Impairment	−0.78	1.22	−3.22	1.65	-.06
SO everyday stressors	−12.70***	2.77	−18.21	−7.20	-.45***
SO pandemic-specific	−3.15	3.94	−10.99	4.69	-.04
SO hearing-specific	−0.72	2.00	−4.71	3.27	-.04
Self-efficacy	4.51***	1.33	1.87	7.15	.30***

Note: N = 86. CI = confidence interval; LL = lower limit; UL = upper limit. SO = stressor occurence.

^a 0 = boys, 1 = girls.

*p < .05, **p < .01, ***p ≤ .001.