The economic burden of childhood invasive pneumococcal diseases and pneumonia in Taiwan: Implications for a pneumococcal vaccination program

Figures & data

Table 1. Hospital and clinic healthcare costs per visit used to calculate the social and private costs of pneumococcal infection in Taiwan

Cost variables	Paid by NHIS	Paid by family
General pediatric bed per day (4 patients per room)	15 (512)	0
General pediatric bed per day (2 patients per room)	15 (512)	55 (1,700)
Ward follow-up	10 (352)	0
General outpatient services	7 (250)	10 (310)

Note: Values are expressed in US dollars (New Taiwan dollars). One US dollar equals 31.0 New Taiwan dollars; NHIS: National Health Insurance System.

^a The data were obtained from the National Health Insurance Bureau (December 2013) and estimated by extrapolating the 2008 cost data to 2013 price levels.

Table 2. Total social and private costs of IPD and pneumococcal pneumonia in Taiwan

	IPD	Pneumonia	Total
Cost variables	(n = 172)	(n = 29,819)	(n = 29,991)
Direct costs	925,535	16,958,301	17,883,836
Inpatient cost	799,112	9,169,345	9,968,457
Outpatient cost	18,060	1,520,769	1,538,829
Family cost paid to H/C	108,363	6,268,187	6,376,550
Indirect costs	3,416,658	132,797,362	136,214,020
Caregiver time costs	366,094	21,622,484	21,988,578
Total other family costs	3,884	237,038	240,922
PMC	3,046,680	110,937,840	113,984,520
Total social cost	4,342,193	149,755,663	154,097,856
Total private cost	478,341	28,127,709	28,606,050
Total H/C cost	925,535	16,958,301	17,883,836
Total cost paid by family	112,247	6,505,225	6,617,472

Note: The data were estimated by extrapolating the 2008 cost data to 2013 price levels; Values indicate the total costs in US dollars; One US dollar equals 31.0 New Taiwan dollars; IPD: invasive pneumococcal disease; H/C: hospital/clinic; PMC: premature mortality cost.

^a Inpatient cost + outpatient cost + family cost paid to H/C.

^b Total costs of co-pay for other hospital/clinic paid by the family, travel costs, and additional costs, such as nonprescription medications.

^c Total direct cost + total indirect cost.

^d Family cost paid to H/C + caregiver time costs + total other family cost + premature mortality costs.

^e Total inpatient cost + total outpatient cost + total family H/C cost of copayment.

^f Family H/C cost + total other family costs.

^g The data were estimated by extrapolating the representative sample (400) cost data to 29,819 price levels.

Table 3. Mean social and private costs of IPD and pneumococcal pneumonia in Taiwan

Cost variables	IPD	Pneumonia
Direct costs	5,381 (1,156)	568 (304)
Inpatient cost	4646 (1,053)	307 (51)
Outpatient cost	105 (57)	51 (3)
Family cost paid to H/C	630 (390)	210 (130)
Indirect costs	611,487 (128,716)	600,397 (78,616)
Caregiver time costs	2,128 (1,688)	725 (552)
Total other family costs	23 (14)	8 (5)
PMC	609,336 (121,867)	599,664 (75,958)
Total social cost	616,868 (123,276)	600,965 (77,812)
Total private cost	612,117 (122,570)	600,607 (77,512)
Total H/C cost	5,381 (1,156)	568 (304)
Total cost paid by family	653 (400)	218 (134)
Length of stay, mean (SD), days	14.4 (3.3)	7.2 (3.5)

Note: The data were estimated by extrapolating the 2008 cost data to 2013 price levels; Values indicate the total mean (SD) in US dollars; One US dollar equals 31.0 New Taiwan dollars; IPD: invasive pneumococcal disease; H/C: hospital/clinic; PMC: premature mortality cost.

^a Inpatient cost + outpatient cost + family cost paid to H/C.

^b Total costs of copayment for other hospital/clinic paid by the family, travel costs, and additional costs, such as nonprescription medications.

^c Total direct cost + total indirect cost.

^d Family cost paid to H/C + caregiver time costs + Total other family cost + premature mortality costs.

^e Total inpatient cost + total outpatient cost + total family H/C cost of copayment.

^f Family H/C cost + total other family costs.

^g The data were estimated by extrapolating the representative sample (400) cost data to 29,819 price levels.

Figure 1. Flow chart of estimated costs.