Technical guidelines for the application of seasonal influenza vaccine in China (2014–2015)

Figures & data

Table 1. Comparison of influenza-associated excess mortality in the elderly aged ≥65 y in different countries and areas

			Influenza-associated excess mortality (/100,000)
First author and reference	Country/Region	Study period	All causes	Respiratory and circulatory diseases	Pneumonia and influenza
Yu ^42	Whole China	2004–2009	145.5	117.8	—
Feng ^41	3 Northern cities, China	2003–2008	150.8	106.0	3.1
Feng ^41	5 Southern cities, China	2003–2008	75.4	64.3	3.6
Wang ^84	Guangzhou, China	2010–2012	185.6	146.9	30.4
Yang ^85	Guangzhou, China	2004–2006	111.3	104.1	—
Yang ^85	Hong Kong SAR	2004–2006	103.7	78.7	—
Wu ^82	Hong Kong SAR	1998–2009	89.7	—	—
Chow ^86	Singapore	1996–2003	167.8	155.4	46.9
Yang ^85	Singapore	2004–2006	80.5	46.0	—
Nunes ^87	Portugal	1980–2004	155.8	—	16.9
Thompson ^88	United States	1976–1999	132.5	98.3	22.1

Table 2. Influenza vaccines marketed in the United States (2014–2015)

Product name	Manufacturer	Specification	Indications	Route
Standard dose of quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines.
Fluarix quadrivalent	GlaxoSmithKline	(Single dose) 0.5 ml/syringe	≥3 y	intramuscular
FluLava quadrivalent	ID company (GlaxoSmithKline)	(Single dose) 0.5 ml/syringe	≥3 y	intramuscular
		(Multiple doses) 5.0 ml/vial	≥3 y	intramuscular
Fluzone quadrivalent	Sanofi Pasteur	(Single dose) 0.25 ml/syringe	6–35 months	Intramuscular
		(Single dose) 0.5 ml/syringe	≥3 y	Intramuscular
		(single dose) 5.0 ml/vial	≥3 y	Intramuscular
		(Multiple doses) 5.0 ml/vial	≥5 months	Intramuscular
Standard dose of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines
Afluria	CSL company	(Single dose) 0.5 ml/syringe (Needle-Free)	≥9 y	Intramuscular
		(Multiple doses) 5.0 ml/vial	≥9 y	Intramuscular
Fluarix	GlaxoSmithKline	(Single dose) 0.5 ml/syringe	≥3 y	Intramuscular
FluLaval	ID company (GlaxoSmithKline)	(Single dose) 0.5 ml/syringe	≥3 y	Intramuscular
		(Multiple doses) 5.0 ml/vial	≥3 y	Intramuscular
Fluvirin	Novartis	0.5 ml/syringe	≥4 y	Intramuscular
		5 ml/vial	≥4 y	Intramuscular
Fluzone	Sanofi Pasteur	(Single dose) 0.5 ml/syringe	≥3 y	Intramuscular
		(Multiple doses) 5.0 ml/vial	≥l months	Intramuscular
Fluzone Intradermal	Sanofi Pasteur	0.1 ml/Intradermal Needle	18 months –64 y	intracutaneous
Standard dose of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines cultured from cells
Flucelvax	Novartis	0.5 ml/syringe	≥l8 y	Intramuscular
High doses of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines
Fluzone High-dose	Sanofi Pasteur	0.5 ml/syringe	≥65 y	Intramuscular
Recombinant trivalent influenza vaccines
FluBlok	Protein Sciences	0.5 ml/vial	18–49 y	Intramuscular
Quadrivalent attenuated influenza vaccines
FluMist quadrivalent	AstraZeneca branch, Medimmune	0.2 ml/nasal spray	2–49 y	Nasal spray

Data source: Official websites of United States Food and Drug Administration.

Table 3. Types and specifications of influenza vaccines marketed in China (by September 2014)

Manufacturers	Vaccine Type	Specification
Tasly skinner biological technology (Tianjin) co., LTD	subunit	0.5 ml
Lanzhou institute of biological products co. LTD	split	0.5 ml, 0.25 ml
	wholevirus	1.0 ml
Beijing Tiantan Biological products co., LTD	wholevirus	1.0 ml, 0.5 ml
	split	0.5 ml
Changchun Changsheng biotechnology co., LTD	wholevirus	0.5 ml
Jiangsu Xiansheng WeiKe biological pharmaceutical co., LTD	split	0.5 ml, 0.25 ml
Zhejiang Tianyuan Biological pharmaceutical co., LTD	split	0.5 ml, 0.25 ml
Dalian Hissen biological pharmaceutical co., LTD	split	0.5 ml
Shanghai institute of biological products co., LTD	split	0.5 ml, 0.25 ml
Changchun institute of biological products co., LTD	split	0.5 ml, 0.25 ml
Hualan biological product co., LTD	split	0.5 ml, 0.25 ml
Dalian Aleph biological pharmaceutical co., LTD	split	0.5 ml, 0.25 ml
Beijing Sinovac biotech co., LTD	split	0.5 ml, 0.25 ml
Abbott Trading (Shanghai) co., LTD	subunit	0.5 ml
Shenzhen Sanofi Pasteur biological products co., LTD	split	0.5 ml, 0.25 ml
Glaxosmithkline (China) investment co., LTD	split	0.5 ml, 0.25 ml
The Swiss Crucell co., LTD	subunit (virus particle)	0.5 ml

Data source: State Food and Drug Administration of China.

Table 4. Influenza vaccine effectiveness in children in southern China, 2010–2012

	Vaccine effectiveness (%, 95% CI)
Age (months)/doses	2010–2011	2011–2012
6–35 months
2 doses	74.4 (44.6, 88.2)	68.8 (56.0, 77.9)
1 dose	69.3 (30.1, 86.5)	21.8 (−6.1, 42.4)
≥1 dose	72.3 (48.5, 85.1)	49.5 (35.3, 60.6)
36–59 months
≥1 dose	82.6 (−6.0, 97.1)	58.2 (38.7, 71.4)
6–59 months
≥1 dose	73.2 (52.2, 85.0)	52.9 (42.1, 61.7)
Virus type
Influenza A	73.5 (45.5, 87.1)	46.5 (24.4, 62.2)
Influenza B	98.6 (−2724.1, 100)	66.8 (46.3, 79.5)

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