Is a multivalent hand, foot, and mouth disease vaccine feasible?

Figures & data

Table 1. Epidemiology of hand, foot and mouth disease since 2004

^a Percentage of a serotype detected during an HFMD outbreak whenever available in the literature. In the absence of such an information, the presence of a serotype during an outbreak is indicated by its symbol (Coxsackievirus A, A; coxsackievirus B, B; Echovirus E, E). Percentages have only been listed for serotypes that were pre-selected on the basis of their frequency during HFMD outbreaks and their intrinsic pathogenicity.

^b Percentages highlighted in bold characters correspond to the predominant strain(s) associated with disease during an epidemic. Percentages highlighted in red clearly indicate that the predominance of EV-A71 and CV-A16 during HFMD epidemics alternates.

^c The asterisks correspond to the top 5 strains which circulated during HFMD epidemics in Japan from 2005 to 2008.

^d The top 5 serotypes that circulated during HFMD epidemics from 2004 to 2008 in Taiwan are indicated by their symbol with a number corresponding to their ranking in terms of respective percentages.

Figure 1. Geographical distribution of enterovirus A71 genotypes and subgenotypes during outbreaks from 1997 to 2013. The figure is an up-dated compilation of tables and data published in refs. 6,7,59,60,72,116,137,197. EU includes the Netherlands, Denmark, the United Kingdom, Germany, France and Austria.