Vaccine-preventable diseases in humanitarian emergencies among refugee and internally-displaced populations

Figures & data

Figure 1. Literature search inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Table 1. Summary of articles by vaccine-preventable diseases and population type

By disease	Refugees	IDPs	Both
Polio	4	1	0
Measles	7	5	4
Rubella	1	0	0
Mumps	0	1	0
Meningitis	1	2	1
Yellow Fever	1	1	0
Hepatitis A	1	0	0
Hepatitis B	0	1	0
Hepatitis E	0	2	1
Rotavirus	1	0	0
Cholera	4	1	0
Tetanus	1	0	0
Pneumococcus	1	0	0
Varicella	1	0	0
Total	25	17	8

* Total reflects number of articles; some articles addressed multiple antigens

Abbreviations: IDPs = internally displaced persons.

Table 2. Reference list of articles by vaccine-preventable disease, authors, and title

Author	Year Published	Name of Article	Vaccine-Preventable Disease
Valente, F., et al.	2000	Massive outbreak of poliomyelitis caused by type-3 wild poliovirus in Angola in 1999.	Polio
Ahmad, K.	2001	Fears that Afghan exodus threatens polio eradication	Polio
Mohammadi, D.	2013	Middle Eastern countries scramble to stop spread of polio	Polio
Sheikh, M. A., et al.	2014	Combined use of inactivated and oral poliovirus vaccines in a large-scale campaign in refugee camps and host communities	Polio
Bonn, D.	2001	Infectious diseases threaten refugees entering Pakistan.	Polio, Measles
Kamugisha, C., et al.	2003	An outbreak of measles in Tanzanian refugee camps	Measles
Talley L, Salama P.	2003	Short report: assessing field vaccine efficacy for measles in famine-affected rural Ethiopia.	Measles
WHO WER	2004	Prevention of measles deaths in Darfur, Sudan.	Measles
CDC MMWR	2004	Emergency measles control activities–Darfur, Sudan	Measles
Mupere, E., et al.	2005	Impact of emergency mass immunisations on measles control in displaced populations in Gulu district, northern Uganda.	Measles
Guerrier, G., et al.	2009	Malnutrition and mortality patterns among internally displaced and non-displaced population living in a camp, a village or a town in Eastern Chad.	Measles
Kouadio, I. K., et al.	2010	Measles outbreaks in displaced populations: a review of transmission, morbidity and mortality associated factors	Measles
Kamadjeu, R., et al.	2011	Measles control and elimination in Somalia: the good, the bad, and the ugly.	Measles
Grais, R. F., et al.	2011	Measles vaccination in humanitarian emergencies: a review of recent practice	Measles
WHO WER	2012	Measles–Horn of Africa	Measles
Polonsky, J. A., et al.	2013	High levels of mortality, malnutrition, and measles, among recently-displaced Somali refugees in Dagahaley camp, Dadaab refugee camp complex, Kenya, 2011.	Measles
Mahamud, A., et al.	2013	Risk factors for measles mortality among hospitalized Somali refugees displaced by famine, Kenya, 2011.	Measles
Navarro-Colorado, C., et al.	2014	Measles outbreak response among adolescent and adult Somali refugees displaced by famine in Kenya and Ethiopia, 2011.	Measles
Kaiser, R.	2014	Emergency settings: be prepared to vaccinate persons aged 15 and over against measles	Measles
Kouadio, I. K., et al.	2009	Outbreak of measles and rubella in refugee transit camps.	Measles, Rubella
Hindiyeh, M. Y., et al.	2009	Characterization of large mumps outbreak among vaccinated Palestinian refugees	Mumps
Santaniello-Newton, A., Hunter, P. R.	2000	Management of an outbreak of meningococcal meningitis in a Sudanese refugee camp in Northern Uganda.	Meningitis
Gaspar, M., et al.	2001	Epidemiology of meningococcal meningitis in Angola, 1994–2000	Meningitis
Iriso, R., et al.	2008	Bacterial meningitis following introduction of Hib conjugate vaccine in northern Uganda.	Meningitis
WHO WER	2014	Meningococcal disease control in countries of the African meningitis belt, 2013.	Meningitis
Nathan, N.	2001	Shortage of vaccines during a yellow fever outbreak in Guinea.	Yellow fever
Huhn, G. D., et al.	2006	Vaccination coverage survey versus administrative data in the assessment of mass yellow fever immunization in internally displaced persons–Liberia, 2004.	Yellow fever
Kaic, B., et al.	2001	Hepatitis A control in a refugee camp by active immunization.	Hepatitis A
Alavian, S. M., et al.	2007	The changing epidemiology of viral hepatitis B in Iran.	Hepatitis B
Boccia, D., et al.	2006	High mortality associated with an outbreak of hepatitis E among displaced persons in Darfur, Sudan.	Hepatitis E
CDC MMWR	2013	Investigation of hepatitis E outbreak among refugees - Upper Nile, South Sudan, 2012–2013	Hepatitis E
Ope, M., et al.	2014	Rotavirus enteritis in Dadaab refugee camps: implications for immunization programs in Kenya and Resettlement Countries.	Rotavirus
Chaignat, C. L., Monti, V.	2007	Use of oral cholera vaccine in complex emergencies: what next? Summary report of an expert meeting and recommendations of WHO.	Cholera
Verma, R., et al.	2012	Cholera vaccine: new preventive tool for endemic countries.	Cholera
Porta, M. I., et al.	2014	Feasibility of a preventive mass vaccination campaign with 2 doses of oral cholera vaccine during a humanitarian emergency in South Sudan	Cholera
Martin, S., et al.	2014	Post-licensure deployment of oral cholera vaccines: a systematic review.	Cholera
WHO WER	2014	Oral cholera vaccine campaign among internally displaced persons in South Sudan.	Cholera
Howard, N., et al.	2011	Reproductive health for refugees by refugees in Guinea III: maternal health.	Tetanus
Moszynski, P.	2013	Refugees in South Sudan to receive pneumococcal vaccine after delays over price.	Pneumococcus
Shimakawa, Y., et al.	2010	Outbreak of chickenpox in a refugee camp of northern Thailand.	Varicella
Morris, K.	2000	Agency warns of crisis in beleaguered Democratic Republic of Congo.	General
Koop, D. G., et al.	2001	Results of the expanded program on immunization in the Macedonian refugee camps.	General
Leus, X., et al.	2001	Internally displaced persons	General
Bhatia, S., et al.	2002	A social and demographic study of Tibetan refugees in India.	General
Connolly, M. A., et al.	2004	Communicable diseases in complex emergencies: impact and challenges	General
Avogo, W. A., Agadjanian, V.	2010	Forced migration and child health and mortality in Angola.	General
Moodley, K., et al.	2013	Ethical considerations for vaccination programmes in acute humanitarian emergencies.	General
Caplan, A. L., Curry, D. R.	2015	Refugees, humanitarian aid and the right to decline vaccinations	General
Devi, S.	2015	Long-term planning needed for Iraq's displaced.	General

Abbreviations: CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; MMWR, Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report; WHO, World Health Organization; WER, Weekly Epidemiological Report.