Measuring trust in vaccination: A systematic review

Figures & data

Figure 1. A visulisation of the trust relationship related to vaccination.

Figure 2. Search flow diagram for systematic review.

Table 1. Characteristics of quantitative studies.

	Year data collected	Location	Vaccine(s) of focus	Study methodology	Number of participants	Cohort or comparison	Demographic of focus	Type of trust studied. Trust in…
Berry, Gold, Ryan, Duszynski & Braynack-Mayer (2012)^37	2011	Australia	Childhood, General	Questionnaire/survey	2002	Cohort	Parents, Urban and rural	- Health System (Data management)
Casiday, Cresswell, Wilson & Panter-brick (2006)^38	2004	United Kingdom	Childhood, MMR	Questionnaire/Survey	996	Comparison	Parents	- Health System (Trust in factor)
								- HCP (Trust in factor)
Cheng, Huang, Shaw, Kao & Chueh (2010)^39	2009	Taiwan	Postpartum, Pertussis	Questionnaire/Survey	1207	Comparison	Mothers, Postpartum	- Health System (Information)
Chuang, Huang, Tseng, Yen & Yang (2015)^40	2014	Taiwan	Adult, Pandemic	Questionnaire/Survey	1745	Cohort	Adults	- Generalized trust
			influenza					- Government (Trust in factor)
Cooper, Hernandez, Rollins, Akintobi & Mcallister (2017)^41	2014	USA	Adult, HPV	Questionnaire/Survey	1203	Comparison	Adults, Males	- Health System (Information)
Das & Das (2003)^42	1998	India	Childhood, General	Questionnaire/Survey	146	Cohort	Parents	- HCP (Trust in factor)
Fowler, Baggs, Weintraub, Martin, McNeil & Gust (2006)^43	2002-2004	USA	Adult, Anthrax	Questionnaire/Survey	404	Comparison	Laboratory workers	- Health System (Information)
Freed, Clark, Butchart, Singer, & Davis (2011)^44	2009	USA	Childhood, General	Questionnaire/Survey	1552	Cohort	Parents	- Health System (Information)
								- Government (Information)
								- Media (Information)
								- Friends and family, non-expert celebrities (Information)
Freimuth, Jamison, An, Hancocj & Quinn (2017)^45	2015	USA	Adult, Influenza	Questionnaire/Survey	1630	Comparison	Adults, African American and White	- Generalized trust
								- Health System (Trust in factor)
								- HCP (Trust in factor)
								- Government (Trust in factor)
								- Vaccination (Trust in concept)
Fu, Zimet, Latkin & Joseph (2017)^46	2012-2014	USA	Adolescent, HPV	Questionnaire/Survey	400	Comparison	Parents, African American	- Health System (Trust in factor)
								- HCP (Trust in factor)
Gilles et al (2011)^47	2009	Switzerland	Adult, Pandemic Influenza	Questionnaire/Survey	601	Comparison	Adults	- Health System (Trust in factor)
								- Government (Trust in factor)
Grabenstein, Guess, Hartzema, Koch & Konrad (2002)^48	1998	USA	Adult, Influenza	Questionnaire/Survey	2090	Cohort	Adults, 65+ yrs	- Health System (Comparison between traditional sites and non-traditional sites for vaccination)
Kolar, Wheldon, Hernandez, Young, Romero-Daza & Daley (2015)^49	2011	USA	Adult, HPV	Questionnaire/Survey	711	Comparison	Adults, racial/ethnic minority students	- Health System (Trust in factor)
Lee, Whetten, Omer, Pan & Salmon (2016)^50	2002-2003	USA	Childhood, General	Questionnaire/Survey	2445	Comparison	Parents	- Government (Trust in factor)
								- HCP (Trust in factor)
Manika, Ball, Stout & Stout (2014)^51	Does not state	USA	Adult, HPV	Questionnaire/Survey	117	Comparison	Adults, Females, University students	- Health System (Information)
								- HCP (Information)
Marlow, Waller & Wardle (2007)^52	2006	United Kingdom	Adolescent, HPV	Questionnaire/Survey	684	Comparison	Parents, Mothers	- HCP (Trust in factor)
								- Health System (Trust in factor)
								- Government (Trust in factor)
McPhillips, Davis, Marcuse & Taylor (2016)^53	2000	USA	Childhood, Rotavirus	Questionnaire/Survey	558	Cohort	HCPs, Physicians	- HCS (Trust in factor)
Moran, Frank, Chatterjee, Murphy & Baezconde-Garbanati (2016)^54	Does not state	USA	Childhood, General	Questionnaire/Survey	761	Cohort	Parents, ethnic minority and white	- Friends and family (Trust in factor)
								- HCP (Trust in factor)
Quinn, Jamison, Freimuth, An, Hancock & Musa (2016)^55	2016	USA	Adult, Influenza	Questionnaire/Survey	1643	Comparison	Adults, African American and White	- Vaccination (Trust in concept)
								- Health System (Trust in factor)
								- HCP (Trust in factor)
								- Government (Trust in factor)
Raude, Fressard, Gautier, Pulcini & Peretti (2016)^56	2013-14	France	Childhood, General	Questionnaire/Survey	1582	Cohort	HCPs, GPs	- Health System (Trust in factor)
								- Government (Trust in factor)
								- Science (Trust in factor)
Ronnerstrand (2013)^57	2009-2010	USA	Adult, Pandemic influenza	Questionnaire/Survey	28 798	Comparison	Adults	- Generalized trust
Scherer, Shaffer, Patel & Zikmund-Fisher (2016)^58	2014	USA	Adolescent, HPV	Experimental	1259	Experimental, comparison	Adults	- HCS (Trust in factor)
Taylor-Clark, Blendon, Zaslavsky & Benson (2005)^59	2002	USA	Adult, Smallpox	Questionnaire/Survey	1006	Comparison	Adults	- Health System (Trust in factor)
Tucker-Edmonds, Coleman, Armstrong & Shea (2011)^60	2009	USA	Adult, Pandemic influenza	Questionnaire/Survey	173	Comparison	Adults, Pregnant women	- Health System (Trust in factor)
Wada & Smith (2015)^61	2014	Japan	Undefined	Questionnaire/Survey	3140	Cohort	Adult	- Government (Trust in factor)
								- Media (Information)
								- Friends and family (Information)
Weerd, Timmermans, Beaujean, & Oudhoff (2011)^62	2009	The Netherlands	Adult, Pandemic influenza	Questionnaire/Survey	8060	Comparison	Adults	- Government (Information and trust factor)
Won, Middleman, Auslander & Short (2015)^63	2012-2013	USA	Childhood, General	Experimental	1608 / 844	Experimental, intervention	Parents	- HCS (Trust in factor)
Wu et al (2008)^64	2003	USA	Childhood, General	Questionnaire/Survey	228	Cohort	Parents, Mothers, Postpartum	- HCS (Trust in factor)

Table 2. Characteristics of qualitative studies.

	Year data collected	Location	Vaccine(s) of focus	Study methodology	Number of participants	Demographic of focus	Data analysis process
Brownlie & Howson (2006)^65	1998 and 2001	UK	Childhood, MMR	Focus groups and in-depth interviews	58	HCPs,	Thematic analysis
Bunton & Gilding (2013)^66	2011	Australia	Adult, HPV	Exploratory workshops	46	Adults, Women	Content analysis based partially on a grounded theory approach
Harris, Chin, Fiscella, Humiston & York (2006)^67	2004-2005	USA	Adult, Influenza	In-depth interviews	20	Adults, 65+ yrs	Content analysis based partially on a grounded theory approach
Hilton, Petticrew, & Hunt (2007)^68	2002-2003	UK	Childhood, MMR	Focus groups	72	Parents	Thematic analysis
King & Leask (2017)^69	2010-2011	Australia	Childhood, Influenza	In-depth interviews	25	Parents	Content analysis based partially on a grounded theory approach
Senier & Senier (2016)^70	2004	USA	Childhood, general	In-depth interviews	20	Parents	Thematic analysis
Quinn, Jamison, Musa, Hilyard & Freimuth (2016)^71	2016	USA	Childhood, general	Focus groups	118	Adults, African American and White	Thematic analysis

Table 3. Definitions of trust across reviewed literature.

	Trust was not explicitly defined	Hints made towards trust concepts mentioned in the literature	Trust defined through extensive use of trust literature.
Vaccine uptake	Cheng et al (2010)^39	Casiday et al (2006)^38	Ronnerstrand (2013)^57
	Das & Das (2003)^42	Gilles et al (2011)^47
	Fowler et al (2006)^43	Lee et al (2016)^50
	Fu et al (2017)^46
	Manika et al (2014)^51
	Kolar et al (2015)^49
Intention to vaccinate	Marlow et al (2007)^52		Taylor-Clark et al (2006)^59
	Scherer et al (2016)^58		Weerd et al (2011)^62
	Tucker-Edmonds et al (2011)^60		Chuang et al (2015)^40
Predictors of trust in relation to vaccination	Berry et al (2012)^37	Won et al (2015)^63	Freimuth et al (2017)^45
	Cooper et al (2017)^41		Quinn, Jamison, Freimuth, An, Hancock & Musa (2016)^55
	Freed et al (2011)^44
	Grabenstein et al (2002)^48
	Wu et al (2008)^64
	Moran et al (2015)^54
	Wada & Smith (2015)^61
HCP intention to recommend vaccine	McPhillips et al (2016)^53
	Raude et al (2016)^56
Qualitative research	Harris et al (2006)^67	Hilton, Petticrew & Hunt (2007)^68	Brownlie & Howson (2006)^65
		King & Leask (2017)^69	Bunton & Gilding (2013)^66
			Senier & Senier (2016)^70
			Quinn, Jamison, Musa, Hilyard & Freimuth (2016)^71

Table 4. The use of measurement across reviewed quantitative literature.

	Measures of trust not reported	Used implicitly defined measures of trust	Used literature-aligned measures of trust	Used literature-informed measures of trust	Used validated measures of trust
Vaccine uptake	Das & Das (2003)^42	Cheng et al (2010)^39	Casiday et al (2006)^38	Lee et al (2016)^50	Ronnerstrand (2013)^57
	Gilles et al (2011)^47	Fowler et al (2006)^43			Kolar et al (2015)^49
	Manika et al (2014)^51	Fu et al (2017)^46
Intention to vaccinate			Marlow et al (2007)^52	Taylor-Clark et al (2006)^59	Tucker-Edmonds et al (2011)^60
			Scherer et al (2016)^58	Weerd et al (2011)^62
				Chuang et al (2015)^40
Predictors of trust in relation to vaccination	Berry et al (2012)^37	Cooper et al (2017)^41	Won et al (2015)^63	Freimuth et al (2017)^45
		Freed et al (2011)^44	Wu et al (2008)^64
		Grabenstein et al (2002)^48
		Moran et al (2015)^54
		Wada & Smith (2015)^61
		Quinn, Jamison, Freimuth, An, Hancock and Musa (2016)^55
HCP intention to recommend vaccine		McPhillips et al (2016)^53
		Raude et al (2016)^56

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