What is the most useful tool in HPV vaccine promotion? Results from an experimental study

Figures & data

Table 1. Percentages of correct answers pre-intervention.

	Pre-intervention			Post-intervention
	Article	Leaflet	Video	Article	Leaflet	Video
a) HPV infection is rare	48%	50%	46%	81%	92%	92%
b) HPV infection is transmitted through sexual intercourses	79%	78%	77%	97%	100%	100%
c) HPV infection can cause cervical cancer	94%	78%	83%	97%	90%	100%
d) Genital warts are caused by HPV	12%	20%	14%	82%	24%	65%
e) Men cannot be infected with HPV	56%	55%	53%	79%	79%	78%
f) It is sufficient to use condom to avoid infection	32%	33%	32%	80%	74%	92%
g) After vaccination the use of condom can be reduced	79%	84%	81%	95%	89%	92%
h) Vaccine allows to avoid further Pap-tests in the future (screening)	73%	79%	68%	98%	100%	96%
i) A person may be infected with HPV and not be aware of it	71%	73%	70%	98%	94%	96%
j) Experiments gave satisfactory results	15%	16%	25%	77%	19%	31%
k) The vaccine provides a permanent immunity	26%	28%	29%	71%	57%	56%
l) The vaccine can cause severe side effects	7%	20%	15%	71%	74%	30%
m) HPV-related diseases are treatable/curable	46%	53%	46%	88%	68%	70%

Figure 1. Differences among the percentages of correct answers pre- and post- intervention to three questions in the three different groups.

Table 2. Differences among the percentages of correct answers pre- and post- intervention to three questions in the three different groups.

	Material	Pre questionnaire (%)	Post questionnaire (%)	Difference (%)	p value*
Genital warts are caused by HPV	Article	12%	82%	+70%	p < 0.001
	Leaflet	20%	24%	+4%	P = 0.12
	Video	14%	65%	+51%	p < 0.001
Experimentations gave satisfactory results	Article	15%	77%	+62%	p < 0.001
	Leaflet	16%	19%	+3%	p = 0.25
	Video	25%	31%	+6%	p = 0.03
The vaccine can cause severe side effects	Article	7%	71%	+64%	<0.001
	Leaflet	20%	74%	+53%	<0.001
	Video	15%	30%	+15%	<0.001

*McNemar test

Table 3. Answers to the question “In the material I found that” (%) in the three different groups.

	Article	Leaflet	Video	p-value
Precise and unambiguous information	90.9%	91.2%	82%	0.041
Clear information	92.5%	97.4%	94.6%	0.292
It contains all the necessary information	81.2%	53%	57%	<0.001
Clarified my doubts	83.4%	71.6%	75%	0.048
Technical terms are understandable	86.6%	96.9%	86.9%	0.001
The information are useful to drive personal choices	92.5%	82.5%	86.9%	0.018

Table 4. Multivariate results on usefulness of materials.

	“Was the material useful?”
		OR	95%CI	p-value
Gender	Female	1	-	-
	Male	1.33	(0.75–2.35)	0.33
Age^a		0.95	(0.79–1.13)	0.55
University course	Nurse	1	-	-
	Education science	1.16	(0.60–2.01)	0.60
	Engineering	0.60	(0.28–1.27)	0.18
Would you recommend HPV vaccination	Yes	3.45	(2.04–5.84)	<0.001
	No	-	-	-
Type of informative material	Leaflet	1	-	-
	Article	1.57	(0.98–2.51)	0.06
	Video	1.82	(1.12–2.95)	0.02

^a “Age” is considered as continuous variable

Figure 2. Randomization of the enrolled population.